Port-aux-Français weather in February
In February, Port-aux-Français sees average daytime highs of 10°C and overnight lows near 4°C, with 58 mm of precipitation across 11.6 wet days and about 14.2 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 10°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 5% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 14 h 54 min at the start of February to 13 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Port-aux-Français's 10th-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Port-aux-Français's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 10°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 4°
- 12th coldest
- Precipitation
- 58 mm
- 11.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 14 h 12 min
- 5:28 AM – 7:40 PM
- Cloud cover
- 79%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 25 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.58 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.9
- out of 10
Port-aux-Français is research station in Kerguelen, French Southern and Antarctic Territories.
- Founded
- 1951
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 10°C through the month.
A typical February day in Port-aux-Français reaches about 10°C in the afternoon and slips back to 4°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 7°C and 13°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 1°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg low (°C) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 4 |
| 2 | 10 | 4 |
| 3 | 10 | 4 |
| 4 | 10 | 4 |
| 5 | 10 | 4 |
| 6 | 10 | 4 |
| 7 | 10 | 4 |
| 8 | 10 | 4 |
| 9 | 10 | 4 |
| 10 | 10 | 4 |
| 11 | 10 | 4 |
| 12 | 10 | 4 |
| 13 | 10 | 4 |
| 14 | 10 | 4 |
| 15 | 10 | 4 |
| 16 | 10 | 4 |
| 17 | 10 | 4 |
| 18 | 10 | 4 |
| 19 | 10 | 4 |
| 20 | 10 | 4 |
| 21 | 10 | 4 |
| 22 | 10 | 4 |
| 23 | 10 | 4 |
| 24 | 10 | 4 |
| 25 | 10 | 4 |
| 26 | 10 | 4 |
| 27 | 10 | 4 |
| 28 | 10 | 4 |
How February really feels in Port-aux-Français
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Port-aux-Français weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9° / 4° | 68 | 13.5 | 0.6 | 15.6 | 1.8 |
| Feb | 10° / 4° | 58 | 11.6 | 0.2 | 14.2 | 1.9 |
| Mar | 9° / 4° | 71 | 13.1 | 0.5 | 12.5 | 1.6 |
| Apr | 7° / 3° | 76 | 13.3 | 1.5 | 10.6 | 1.0 |
| May | 5° / 1° | 79 | 14.6 | 3.6 | 8.9 | 0.2 |
| Jun | 4° / 0° | 77 | 14.4 | 5.5 | 8 | 0.0 |
| Jul | 4° / -1° | 88 | 15.9 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 0.0 |
| Aug | 4° / -1° | 78 | 14.1 | 6.4 | 9.8 | 0.0 |
| Sep | 4° / -1° | 78 | 14.5 | 7.2 | 11.6 | 0.0 |
| Oct | 5° / 0° | 69 | 14.3 | 4.5 | 13.5 | 0.1 |
| Nov | 7° / 2° | 72 | 15.5 | 2.8 | 15.1 | 0.6 |
| Dec | 8° / 3° | 77 | 15.6 | 0.8 | 16 | 1.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 5% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 80%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 |
| Cloudier (%) | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 80 |
| 2 | 19 | 81 |
| 3 | 19 | 81 |
| 4 | 19 | 81 |
| 5 | 18 | 82 |
| 6 | 18 | 82 |
| 7 | 19 | 81 |
| 8 | 19 | 81 |
| 9 | 19 | 81 |
| 10 | 20 | 80 |
| 11 | 20 | 80 |
| 12 | 21 | 79 |
| 13 | 21 | 79 |
| 14 | 21 | 79 |
| 15 | 21 | 79 |
| 16 | 20 | 80 |
| 17 | 20 | 80 |
| 18 | 20 | 80 |
| 19 | 20 | 80 |
| 20 | 20 | 80 |
| 21 | 20 | 80 |
| 22 | 20 | 80 |
| 23 | 19 | 81 |
| 24 | 19 | 81 |
| 25 | 19 | 81 |
| 26 | 19 | 81 |
| 27 | 19 | 81 |
| 28 | 20 | 80 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Port-aux-Français gets around 58 mm of rain and snow over 11.6 wet days in February, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 42% and peaks near 45% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 |
| Snow chance (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 40 | 2 |
| 2 | 40 | 2 |
| 3 | 40 | 2 |
| 4 | 40 | 2 |
| 5 | 40 | 2 |
| 6 | 40 | 1 |
| 7 | 41 | 1 |
| 8 | 41 | 1 |
| 9 | 41 | 1 |
| 10 | 41 | 1 |
| 11 | 41 | 1 |
| 12 | 41 | 1 |
| 13 | 41 | 1 |
| 14 | 41 | 1 |
| 15 | 41 | 1 |
| 16 | 41 | 0 |
| 17 | 41 | 0 |
| 18 | 42 | 0 |
| 19 | 42 | 0 |
| 20 | 42 | 0 |
| 21 | 42 | 0 |
| 22 | 43 | 1 |
| 23 | 43 | 1 |
| 24 | 43 | 1 |
| 25 | 44 | 1 |
| 26 | 44 | 1 |
| 27 | 45 | 1 |
| 28 | 45 | 1 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 25 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 25 km/h on the calmest days to 25 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Feels | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy | breezy |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | breezy |
| 2 | 25 | breezy |
| 3 | 25 | breezy |
| 4 | 25 | breezy |
| 5 | 25 | breezy |
| 6 | 25 | breezy |
| 7 | 25 | breezy |
| 8 | 25 | breezy |
| 9 | 25 | breezy |
| 10 | 25 | breezy |
| 11 | 25 | breezy |
| 12 | 25 | breezy |
| 13 | 25 | breezy |
| 14 | 25 | breezy |
| 15 | 25 | breezy |
| 16 | 25 | breezy |
| 17 | 25 | breezy |
| 18 | 25 | breezy |
| 19 | 25 | breezy |
| 20 | 25 | breezy |
| 21 | 25 | breezy |
| 22 | 25 | breezy |
| 23 | 25 | breezy |
| 24 | 25 | breezy |
| 25 | 25 | breezy |
| 26 | 25 | breezy |
| 27 | 25 | breezy |
| 28 | 25 | breezy |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 14 h 54 min at the start of February to 13 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 90 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:05 AM to 5:49 AM, and sunset from 8:01 PM to 7:16 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 14.9 | 14.9 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 13.9 | 13.9 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 13.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:05 | 5:06 | 5:08 | 5:09 | 5:11 | 5:13 | 5:14 | 5:16 | 5:18 | 5:19 | 5:21 | 5:23 | 5:24 | 5:26 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:31 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:36 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:41 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:46 | 5:48 | 5:49 |
| Sunset (PM) | 8:01 | 7:59 | 7:58 | 7:57 | 7:55 | 7:54 | 7:52 | 7:51 | 7:49 | 7:48 | 7:46 | 7:45 | 7:43 | 7:41 | 7:40 | 7:38 | 7:36 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:31 | 7:29 | 7:27 | 7:25 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:20 | 7:18 | 7:16 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.9 | 5:05 | 8:01 |
| 2 | 14.9 | 5:06 | 7:59 |
| 3 | 14.8 | 5:08 | 7:58 |
| 4 | 14.8 | 5:09 | 7:57 |
| 5 | 14.7 | 5:11 | 7:55 |
| 6 | 14.7 | 5:13 | 7:54 |
| 7 | 14.6 | 5:14 | 7:52 |
| 8 | 14.6 | 5:16 | 7:51 |
| 9 | 14.5 | 5:18 | 7:49 |
| 10 | 14.5 | 5:19 | 7:48 |
| 11 | 14.4 | 5:21 | 7:46 |
| 12 | 14.4 | 5:23 | 7:45 |
| 13 | 14.3 | 5:24 | 7:43 |
| 14 | 14.3 | 5:26 | 7:41 |
| 15 | 14.2 | 5:28 | 7:40 |
| 16 | 14.1 | 5:29 | 7:38 |
| 17 | 14.1 | 5:31 | 7:36 |
| 18 | 14.0 | 5:33 | 7:34 |
| 19 | 14.0 | 5:34 | 7:33 |
| 20 | 13.9 | 5:36 | 7:31 |
| 21 | 13.9 | 5:38 | 7:29 |
| 22 | 13.8 | 5:39 | 7:27 |
| 23 | 13.7 | 5:41 | 7:25 |
| 24 | 13.7 | 5:43 | 7:23 |
| 25 | 13.6 | 5:44 | 7:22 |
| 26 | 13.6 | 5:46 | 7:20 |
| 27 | 13.5 | 5:48 | 7:18 |
| 28 | 13.4 | 5:49 | 7:16 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.58 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.85 kWh/m² to a high of 5.89 kWh/m² in December across the year — February's 4.58 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.0 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Port-aux-Français?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Port-aux-Français.
What to pack for Port-aux-Français in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Port-aux-Français sees daytime highs around 10°C and nights near 4°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: rain gear, sun protection and a windbreaker. About 12 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Port-aux-Français in February
The nearest coast averages about 6°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea offshore is warmest in March at about 7°C and coldest in September near 3°C.
The water stays below 20°C all year — cool enough that most swimmers want a wetsuit.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Comfort | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6 | Bracing |
| Feb | 6 | Bracing |
| Mar | 7 | Bracing |
| Apr | 6 | Bracing |
| May | 5 | Bracing |
| Jun | 4 | Bracing |
| Jul | 3 | Bracing |
| Aug | 3 | Bracing |
| Sep | 3 | Bracing |
| Oct | 3 | Bracing |
| Nov | 4 | Bracing |
| Dec | 5 | Bracing |
UV index in Port-aux-Français in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 8 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Port-aux-Français peaks around January 19 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 9 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 |
| Level | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Very high |
| Feb | 8 | Very high |
| Mar | 5 | Moderate |
| Apr | 2 | Moderate |
| May | 1 | Low |
| Jun | 1 | Low |
| Jul | 1 | Low |
| Aug | 2 | Low |
| Sep | 3 | Moderate |
| Oct | 5 | Moderate |
| Nov | 7 | Very high |
| Dec | 8 | Very high |
Where is Port-aux-Français?
Port-aux-Français sits at 49.3°S, 70.2°E, 11 m above sea level, in French Southern Territories. The nearest listed city is Saint-Joseph, 3,367 km away.
Topography around Port-aux-Français
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Port-aux-Français.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Port-aux-Français has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 68 m around an average of 20 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 854 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,652 m.
The land around Port-aux-Français is covered by grassland (42%), water (36%) and bare terrain (20%) within 3 km, water (41%) and grassland (37%) within 16 km, and water (69%) within 80 km.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Port-aux-Français (-49.3492°, 70.2194°, elevation 11 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).