Heraklion weather in February
In February, Heraklion sees average daytime highs of 14°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 64 mm of precipitation across 10.5 wet days and about 10.7 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 14°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 31% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 12 min at the start of February to 11 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Heraklion's 10th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Heraklion's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 14°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 1st coldest
- Precipitation
- 64 mm
- 10.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 42 min
- 7:14 AM – 5:54 PM
- Cloud cover
- 56%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.56 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.2
- out of 10
Heraklion is city in the island of Crete, Greece.
- Density
- 1,258/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 14°C through the month.
A typical February day in Heraklion reaches about 14°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 10°C and 18°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 2°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | 7 |
| 2 | 14 | 7 |
| 3 | 14 | 7 |
| 4 | 14 | 7 |
| 5 | 14 | 7 |
| 6 | 14 | 7 |
| 7 | 14 | 7 |
| 8 | 14 | 8 |
| 9 | 14 | 8 |
| 10 | 14 | 8 |
| 11 | 14 | 8 |
| 12 | 14 | 8 |
| 13 | 14 | 8 |
| 14 | 14 | 8 |
| 15 | 14 | 8 |
| 16 | 14 | 8 |
| 17 | 14 | 8 |
| 18 | 14 | 8 |
| 19 | 15 | 8 |
| 20 | 15 | 8 |
| 21 | 15 | 8 |
| 22 | 15 | 8 |
| 23 | 15 | 8 |
| 24 | 15 | 8 |
| 25 | 15 | 8 |
| 26 | 15 | 8 |
| 27 | 15 | 8 |
| 28 | 15 | 8 |
Heraklion weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 11th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14° / 8° | 68 | 12 | 9.9 | 3.9 |
| Feb | 14° / 8° | 64 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 4.2 |
| Mar | 17° / 9° | 54 | 8.3 | 11.7 | 5.6 |
| Apr | 20° / 11° | 36 | 5.6 | 12.9 | 7.3 |
| May | 25° / 15° | 31 | 4.3 | 13.8 | 8.3 |
| Jun | 28° / 19° | 13 | 1.9 | 14.3 | 7.9 |
| Jul | 30° / 21° | 5 | 0.7 | 14.1 | 7.2 |
| Aug | 29° / 22° | 6 | 0.7 | 13.3 | 7.2 |
| Sep | 27° / 19° | 19 | 2.9 | 12.2 | 8.1 |
| Oct | 24° / 16° | 38 | 5.9 | 11.1 | 7.8 |
| Nov | 19° / 12° | 45 | 7.1 | 10.1 | 6.6 |
| Dec | 15° / 9° | 64 | 11.3 | 9.7 | 4.5 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 31% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 21% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 48%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 58 |
| Cloudier (%) | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 52 | 48 |
| 2 | 52 | 48 |
| 3 | 52 | 48 |
| 4 | 52 | 48 |
| 5 | 51 | 49 |
| 6 | 51 | 49 |
| 7 | 50 | 50 |
| 8 | 50 | 50 |
| 9 | 50 | 50 |
| 10 | 49 | 51 |
| 11 | 49 | 51 |
| 12 | 49 | 51 |
| 13 | 49 | 51 |
| 14 | 49 | 51 |
| 15 | 49 | 51 |
| 16 | 49 | 51 |
| 17 | 50 | 50 |
| 18 | 50 | 50 |
| 19 | 51 | 49 |
| 20 | 51 | 49 |
| 21 | 52 | 48 |
| 22 | 53 | 47 |
| 23 | 54 | 46 |
| 24 | 55 | 45 |
| 25 | 56 | 44 |
| 26 | 57 | 43 |
| 27 | 57 | 43 |
| 28 | 58 | 42 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Heraklion gets around 64 mm of rain and snow over 10.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 37% and peaks near 41% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 35 | 34 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 |
| Snow chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 35 | 1 |
| 2 | 35 | 1 |
| 3 | 35 | 0 |
| 4 | 36 | 0 |
| 5 | 36 | 0 |
| 6 | 37 | 1 |
| 7 | 37 | 1 |
| 8 | 38 | 1 |
| 9 | 39 | 1 |
| 10 | 39 | 1 |
| 11 | 40 | 1 |
| 12 | 41 | 1 |
| 13 | 41 | 1 |
| 14 | 41 | 1 |
| 15 | 41 | 2 |
| 16 | 41 | 2 |
| 17 | 41 | 2 |
| 18 | 41 | 2 |
| 19 | 40 | 2 |
| 20 | 39 | 2 |
| 21 | 38 | 2 |
| 22 | 37 | 2 |
| 23 | 35 | 2 |
| 24 | 34 | 2 |
| 25 | 32 | 2 |
| 26 | 31 | 1 |
| 27 | 30 | 1 |
| 28 | 29 | 1 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 12 min at the start of February to 11 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 54 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:26 AM to 6:59 AM, and sunset from 5:40 PM to 6:07 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:07 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.2 | 7:26 | 5:40 |
| 2 | 10.3 | 7:25 | 5:41 |
| 3 | 10.3 | 7:24 | 5:42 |
| 4 | 10.3 | 7:24 | 5:43 |
| 5 | 10.4 | 7:23 | 5:44 |
| 6 | 10.4 | 7:22 | 5:45 |
| 7 | 10.4 | 7:21 | 5:46 |
| 8 | 10.4 | 7:20 | 5:47 |
| 9 | 10.5 | 7:19 | 5:48 |
| 10 | 10.5 | 7:19 | 5:49 |
| 11 | 10.5 | 7:18 | 5:50 |
| 12 | 10.6 | 7:17 | 5:51 |
| 13 | 10.6 | 7:16 | 5:52 |
| 14 | 10.6 | 7:15 | 5:53 |
| 15 | 10.7 | 7:14 | 5:54 |
| 16 | 10.7 | 7:13 | 5:55 |
| 17 | 10.7 | 7:12 | 5:56 |
| 18 | 10.8 | 7:11 | 5:57 |
| 19 | 10.8 | 7:10 | 5:58 |
| 20 | 10.8 | 7:08 | 5:59 |
| 21 | 10.9 | 7:07 | 6:00 |
| 22 | 10.9 | 7:06 | 6:01 |
| 23 | 10.9 | 7:05 | 6:02 |
| 24 | 11.0 | 7:04 | 6:03 |
| 25 | 11.0 | 7:03 | 6:04 |
| 26 | 11.1 | 7:01 | 6:05 |
| 27 | 11.1 | 7:00 | 6:06 |
| 28 | 11.1 | 6:59 | 6:07 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.56 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.28 kWh/m² to a high of 7.87 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 3.56 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 23 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 24 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.2 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Heraklion
None of Heraklion's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Heraklion sees seasonal dust haze (May), heaviest in May.
Is February a good time to visit Heraklion?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Heraklion for sightseeing.
What to pack for Heraklion in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Heraklion sees daytime highs around 14°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and rain gear. About 11 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Heraklion in February
The nearest coast averages about 16°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea offshore is warmest in August at about 25°C and coldest in February near 16°C.
It's comfortable for a long swim from May 25 to Nov 19 — about 5.9 months when the water holds above 20°C.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 19 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 23 | 20 | 18 |
| Comfort | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Cool | Refreshing | Warm | Warm | Warm | Refreshing | Refreshing | Cool |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Cool |
| Feb | 16 | Cool |
| Mar | 16 | Cool |
| Apr | 17 | Cool |
| May | 19 | Cool |
| Jun | 23 | Refreshing |
| Jul | 25 | Warm |
| Aug | 25 | Warm |
| Sep | 25 | Warm |
| Oct | 23 | Refreshing |
| Nov | 20 | Refreshing |
| Dec | 18 | Cool |
UV index in Heraklion in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Heraklion peaks around July 13 at about 10 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 10 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 10 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 7 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 8 | Very high |
| Oct | 6 | High |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Where is Heraklion?
Heraklion sits at 35.3°N, 25.1°E, 60 m above sea level, in Greece. The nearest listed city is Rethymno, 60 km away.
Topography around Heraklion
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Heraklion.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Heraklion has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 188 m around an average of 49 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 822 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,433 m.
The land around Heraklion is covered by artificial surfaces (53%) within 3 km, water (39%), trees (27%) and grassland (24%) within 16 km, and water (69%) within 80 km.
Greece travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 60% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $26,948
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.7 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 97%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 8.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 592
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Heraklion (35.3279°, 25.1434°, elevation 60 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).