Zaragoza weather in February
In February, Zaragoza sees average daytime highs of 22°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 10 mm of rain across 2.5 wet days and about 11.5 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 22°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 52% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Zaragoza's 1st-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Zaragoza's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 22°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 11°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 10 mm
- 2.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 30 min
- 6:33 AM – 6:04 PM
- Cloud cover
- 38%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.69 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.2
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 22°C through the month.
A typical February day in Zaragoza reaches about 22°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and about 1°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 11 |
| 2 | 22 | 11 |
| 3 | 22 | 11 |
| 4 | 22 | 11 |
| 5 | 22 | 11 |
| 6 | 22 | 11 |
| 7 | 22 | 11 |
| 8 | 22 | 11 |
| 9 | 22 | 11 |
| 10 | 22 | 11 |
| 11 | 22 | 11 |
| 12 | 22 | 11 |
| 13 | 22 | 11 |
| 14 | 22 | 11 |
| 15 | 22 | 11 |
| 16 | 22 | 11 |
| 17 | 22 | 11 |
| 18 | 23 | 11 |
| 19 | 23 | 11 |
| 20 | 23 | 11 |
| 21 | 23 | 11 |
| 22 | 23 | 11 |
| 23 | 23 | 12 |
| 24 | 23 | 12 |
| 25 | 23 | 12 |
| 26 | 23 | 12 |
| 27 | 23 | 12 |
| 28 | 23 | 12 |
Zaragoza weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 4th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 21° / 11° | 9 | 2.4 | 11.2 | 7.9 |
| Feb | 22° / 11° | 10 | 2.5 | 11.5 | 8.2 |
| Mar | 23° / 12° | 29 | 7.3 | 11.9 | 7.6 |
| Apr | 23° / 13° | 83 | 12.6 | 12.3 | 6.4 |
| May | 22° / 14° | 219 | 21.1 | 12.7 | 4.8 |
| Jun | 22° / 14° | 316 | 25.3 | 12.9 | 4.0 |
| Jul | 22° / 14° | 169 | 18.4 | 12.8 | 5.0 |
| Aug | 22° / 14° | 213 | 20.2 | 12.5 | 4.8 |
| Sep | 22° / 14° | 307 | 25.6 | 12.1 | 3.9 |
| Oct | 21° / 14° | 213 | 20.8 | 11.7 | 4.7 |
| Nov | 21° / 12° | 48 | 8.9 | 11.3 | 6.5 |
| Dec | 21° / 11° | 16 | 3.2 | 11.1 | 7.7 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 52% of the time in February, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 28% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 20%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 77 |
| Cloudier (%) | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 80 | 20 |
| 2 | 80 | 20 |
| 3 | 81 | 19 |
| 4 | 81 | 19 |
| 5 | 81 | 19 |
| 6 | 81 | 19 |
| 7 | 81 | 19 |
| 8 | 82 | 18 |
| 9 | 81 | 19 |
| 10 | 81 | 19 |
| 11 | 81 | 19 |
| 12 | 81 | 19 |
| 13 | 81 | 19 |
| 14 | 81 | 19 |
| 15 | 81 | 19 |
| 16 | 80 | 20 |
| 17 | 80 | 20 |
| 18 | 80 | 20 |
| 19 | 80 | 20 |
| 20 | 79 | 21 |
| 21 | 79 | 21 |
| 22 | 78 | 22 |
| 23 | 78 | 22 |
| 24 | 78 | 22 |
| 25 | 78 | 22 |
| 26 | 78 | 22 |
| 27 | 77 | 23 |
| 28 | 77 | 23 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Zaragoza gets around 10 mm of rain over 2.5 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 10% and peaks near 13% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 10 |
| 2 | 9 |
| 3 | 9 |
| 4 | 9 |
| 5 | 9 |
| 6 | 8 |
| 7 | 8 |
| 8 | 8 |
| 9 | 8 |
| 10 | 8 |
| 11 | 8 |
| 12 | 9 |
| 13 | 9 |
| 14 | 9 |
| 15 | 9 |
| 16 | 9 |
| 17 | 9 |
| 18 | 9 |
| 19 | 9 |
| 20 | 10 |
| 21 | 10 |
| 22 | 10 |
| 23 | 11 |
| 24 | 11 |
| 25 | 11 |
| 26 | 12 |
| 27 | 12 |
| 28 | 13 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 96% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 |
| Comfortable (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 97 | 3 |
| 2 | 97 | 3 |
| 3 | 97 | 3 |
| 4 | 97 | 3 |
| 5 | 97 | 3 |
| 6 | 97 | 3 |
| 7 | 98 | 2 |
| 8 | 98 | 2 |
| 9 | 98 | 2 |
| 10 | 98 | 2 |
| 11 | 98 | 2 |
| 12 | 97 | 3 |
| 13 | 97 | 3 |
| 14 | 97 | 3 |
| 15 | 97 | 3 |
| 16 | 96 | 4 |
| 17 | 96 | 4 |
| 18 | 96 | 4 |
| 19 | 95 | 5 |
| 20 | 95 | 5 |
| 21 | 95 | 5 |
| 22 | 94 | 6 |
| 23 | 94 | 6 |
| 24 | 94 | 6 |
| 25 | 93 | 7 |
| 26 | 93 | 7 |
| 27 | 93 | 7 |
| 28 | 93 | 7 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 18 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:36 AM to 6:27 AM, and sunset from 5:58 PM to 6:07 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:07 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.4 | 6:36 | 5:58 |
| 2 | 11.4 | 6:36 | 5:58 |
| 3 | 11.4 | 6:36 | 5:59 |
| 4 | 11.4 | 6:36 | 5:59 |
| 5 | 11.4 | 6:36 | 6:00 |
| 6 | 11.4 | 6:35 | 6:00 |
| 7 | 11.4 | 6:35 | 6:00 |
| 8 | 11.4 | 6:35 | 6:01 |
| 9 | 11.4 | 6:35 | 6:01 |
| 10 | 11.5 | 6:34 | 6:02 |
| 11 | 11.5 | 6:34 | 6:02 |
| 12 | 11.5 | 6:34 | 6:02 |
| 13 | 11.5 | 6:33 | 6:03 |
| 14 | 11.5 | 6:33 | 6:03 |
| 15 | 11.5 | 6:33 | 6:04 |
| 16 | 11.5 | 6:32 | 6:04 |
| 17 | 11.5 | 6:32 | 6:04 |
| 18 | 11.5 | 6:32 | 6:05 |
| 19 | 11.6 | 6:31 | 6:05 |
| 20 | 11.6 | 6:31 | 6:05 |
| 21 | 11.6 | 6:30 | 6:05 |
| 22 | 11.6 | 6:30 | 6:06 |
| 23 | 11.6 | 6:29 | 6:06 |
| 24 | 11.6 | 6:29 | 6:06 |
| 25 | 11.6 | 6:28 | 6:07 |
| 26 | 11.7 | 6:28 | 6:07 |
| 27 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:07 |
| 28 | 11.7 | 6:27 | 6:07 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.69 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.47 kWh/m² to a high of 6.2 kWh/m² in April across the year — February's 5.69 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 27 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 6.0 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Zaragoza
None of Zaragoza's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Zaragoza's monsoon runs May–October, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Zaragoza?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Zaragoza for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Zaragoza in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Zaragoza sees daytime highs around 22°C and nights near 11°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Zaragoza in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Zaragoza peaks around April 13 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 13 at about 9 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 10 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 9 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 14 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 10 | Very high |
| Dec | 9 | Very high |
Air quality in Zaragoza in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Zaragoza is worst in April — around 48 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 2.2× the cleanest month (August, 22 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 26 | 26 | 31 | 48 | 37 | 25 | 23 | 22 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 24 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 26 | Moderate |
| Feb | 26 | Moderate |
| Mar | 31 | Moderate |
| Apr | 48 | Poor |
| May | 37 | Poor |
| Jun | 25 | Moderate |
| Jul | 23 | Moderate |
| Aug | 22 | Moderate |
| Sep | 24 | Moderate |
| Oct | 23 | Moderate |
| Nov | 22 | Moderate |
| Dec | 24 | Moderate |
Where is Zaragoza?
Zaragoza sits at 14.6°N, 90.9°W, 2,062 m above sea level, in Guatemala. The nearest listed city is Patzicía, 4.0 km away.
Topography around Zaragoza
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Zaragoza.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Zaragoza has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 504 m around an average of 2,079 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,640 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,936 m.
The land around Zaragoza is covered by cropland (44%) and trees (37%) within 3 km, trees (62%) and cropland (23%) within 16 km, and trees (65%) within 80 km.
Guatemala travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 43% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $6,598
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 23.4
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 22.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 510
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Zaragoza (14.6497°, -90.8903°, elevation 2,062 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).