Leh weather in September
In September, Leh sees average daytime highs of 11°C and overnight lows near -1°C, with 30 mm of precipitation across 8.1 wet days and about 12.2 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 14°C in the first days to 8°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 39% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 42 min at the start of September to 11 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Leh's 4th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Leh's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 11°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- -1°
- 10th coldest
- Precipitation
- 30 mm
- 8.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 12 min
- 6:08 AM – 6:20 PM
- Cloud cover
- 45%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 3 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.98 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.9
- out of 10
Leh is city, one of the capitals of Ladakh, India.
- Density
- 1/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- ~800 CE
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs ease over the month, from about 14°C in the first days to 8°C by the end.
A typical September day in Leh reaches about 11°C in the afternoon and slips back to -1°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 7°C and 15°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 5°C cooler than August and about 8°C warmer than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Avg low (°C) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -5 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | 3 |
| 2 | 14 | 3 |
| 3 | 14 | 2 |
| 4 | 13 | 2 |
| 5 | 13 | 2 |
| 6 | 13 | 2 |
| 7 | 13 | 2 |
| 8 | 13 | 1 |
| 9 | 12 | 1 |
| 10 | 12 | 1 |
| 11 | 12 | 1 |
| 12 | 12 | 0 |
| 13 | 12 | 0 |
| 14 | 11 | 0 |
| 15 | 11 | 0 |
| 16 | 11 | -1 |
| 17 | 11 | -1 |
| 18 | 11 | -1 |
| 19 | 10 | -2 |
| 20 | 10 | -2 |
| 21 | 10 | -2 |
| 22 | 10 | -2 |
| 23 | 9 | -3 |
| 24 | 9 | -3 |
| 25 | 9 | -3 |
| 26 | 9 | -4 |
| 27 | 8 | -4 |
| 28 | 8 | -4 |
| 29 | 8 | -4 |
| 30 | 8 | -5 |
How September really feels in Leh
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 18 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in September is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Leh weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 3rd-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -15° / -25° | 23 | 6.6 | 10.4 | 10 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -13° / -22° | 30 | 8 | 11.4 | 10.7 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -9° / -18° | 35 | 9.2 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 0.0 |
| Apr | -4° / -15° | 36 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 12.8 | 0.0 |
| May | 2° / -10° | 39 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 13.8 | 0.0 |
| Jun | 8° / -4° | 38 | 9.8 | 6 | 14.2 | 1.6 |
| Jul | 15° / 3° | 45 | 11.7 | 1.9 | 14 | 4.3 |
| Aug | 16° / 5° | 54 | 13.6 | 1.1 | 13.3 | 4.6 |
| Sep | 11° / -1° | 30 | 8.1 | 3.4 | 12.2 | 2.9 |
| Oct | 3° / -11° | 13 | 4 | 4.3 | 11.1 | 0.2 |
| Nov | -6° / -19° | 14 | 4.1 | 6 | 10.2 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -13° / -24° | 16 | 5.1 | 7.1 | 9.8 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 39% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 39% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 22%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 73 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 |
| Cloudier (%) | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 73 | 27 |
| 2 | 74 | 26 |
| 3 | 74 | 26 |
| 4 | 75 | 25 |
| 5 | 75 | 25 |
| 6 | 75 | 25 |
| 7 | 76 | 24 |
| 8 | 76 | 24 |
| 9 | 77 | 23 |
| 10 | 77 | 23 |
| 11 | 78 | 22 |
| 12 | 78 | 22 |
| 13 | 79 | 21 |
| 14 | 79 | 21 |
| 15 | 79 | 21 |
| 16 | 79 | 21 |
| 17 | 79 | 21 |
| 18 | 79 | 21 |
| 19 | 79 | 21 |
| 20 | 80 | 20 |
| 21 | 80 | 20 |
| 22 | 80 | 20 |
| 23 | 80 | 20 |
| 24 | 81 | 19 |
| 25 | 81 | 19 |
| 26 | 80 | 20 |
| 27 | 80 | 20 |
| 28 | 80 | 20 |
| 29 | 80 | 20 |
| 30 | 79 | 21 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Leh gets around 30 mm of rain and snow over 8.1 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 27% and peaks near 38% on the wettest days, and about 3 days bring snow. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
| Snow chance (%) | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 38 | 9 |
| 2 | 38 | 9 |
| 3 | 37 | 10 |
| 4 | 37 | 10 |
| 5 | 36 | 10 |
| 6 | 36 | 11 |
| 7 | 36 | 11 |
| 8 | 35 | 12 |
| 9 | 34 | 12 |
| 10 | 34 | 12 |
| 11 | 33 | 12 |
| 12 | 32 | 12 |
| 13 | 31 | 12 |
| 14 | 30 | 12 |
| 15 | 28 | 12 |
| 16 | 27 | 12 |
| 17 | 26 | 12 |
| 18 | 25 | 12 |
| 19 | 24 | 12 |
| 20 | 22 | 12 |
| 21 | 21 | 11 |
| 22 | 20 | 11 |
| 23 | 19 | 11 |
| 24 | 18 | 10 |
| 25 | 17 | 10 |
| 26 | 16 | 10 |
| 27 | 15 | 10 |
| 28 | 15 | 10 |
| 29 | 14 | 10 |
| 30 | 14 | 10 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 3 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 3 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | calm |
| 2 | 3 | calm |
| 3 | 3 | calm |
| 4 | 3 | calm |
| 5 | 3 | calm |
| 6 | 3 | calm |
| 7 | 3 | calm |
| 8 | 3 | calm |
| 9 | 3 | calm |
| 10 | 3 | calm |
| 11 | 3 | calm |
| 12 | 3 | calm |
| 13 | 3 | calm |
| 14 | 3 | calm |
| 15 | 3 | calm |
| 16 | 3 | calm |
| 17 | 3 | calm |
| 18 | 3 | calm |
| 19 | 3 | calm |
| 20 | 3 | calm |
| 21 | 3 | calm |
| 22 | 3 | calm |
| 23 | 3 | calm |
| 24 | 3 | calm |
| 25 | 3 | calm |
| 26 | 3 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
| 29 | 3 | calm |
| 30 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 h 42 min at the start of September to 11 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 60 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 5:57 AM to 6:18 AM, and sunset from 6:42 PM to 6:00 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:18 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:42 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:04 | 6:03 | 6:01 | 6:00 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.7 | 5:57 | 6:42 |
| 2 | 12.7 | 5:58 | 6:40 |
| 3 | 12.7 | 5:58 | 6:39 |
| 4 | 12.6 | 5:59 | 6:38 |
| 5 | 12.6 | 6:00 | 6:36 |
| 6 | 12.6 | 6:01 | 6:35 |
| 7 | 12.5 | 6:01 | 6:33 |
| 8 | 12.5 | 6:02 | 6:32 |
| 9 | 12.5 | 6:03 | 6:30 |
| 10 | 12.4 | 6:03 | 6:29 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 6:04 | 6:28 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 6:05 | 6:26 |
| 13 | 12.3 | 6:06 | 6:25 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 6:06 | 6:23 |
| 15 | 12.2 | 6:07 | 6:22 |
| 16 | 12.2 | 6:08 | 6:20 |
| 17 | 12.2 | 6:08 | 6:19 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:09 | 6:17 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:10 | 6:16 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:11 | 6:14 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:11 | 6:13 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:12 | 6:11 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:13 | 6:10 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 6:14 | 6:09 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 6:14 | 6:07 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 6:15 | 6:06 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 6:16 | 6:04 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 6:16 | 6:03 |
| 29 | 11.7 | 6:17 | 6:01 |
| 30 | 11.7 | 6:18 | 6:00 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5.98 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.48 kWh/m² to a high of 8.28 kWh/m² in May across the year — September's 5.98 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 17 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.7 | Bright |
Is September a good time to visit Leh?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Leh.
What to pack for Leh in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Leh sees daytime highs around 11°C and nights near -1°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: rain gear and sun protection. About 8 days see rain.
UV index in Leh in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Leh peaks around June 19 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 11 at about 4 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 4 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 4 |
| Level | Moderate | High | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4 | Moderate |
| Feb | 7 | High |
| Mar | 11 | Extreme |
| Apr | 12 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 15 | Extreme |
| Jul | 15 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 8 | Very high |
| Nov | 5 | Moderate |
| Dec | 4 | Moderate |
Where is Leh?
Leh sits at 34.2°N, 77.6°E, 3,502 m above sea level, in India. The nearest listed city is Skardu, 218 km away.
Topography around Leh
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Leh.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Leh has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 842 m around an average of 3,615 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,635 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,688 m.
The land around Leh is covered by bare terrain (80%) within 3 km, bare terrain (84%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (81%) within 80 km.
India travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / D / M
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 23% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $2,702
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.8
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 15.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 484
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Leh (34.165°, 77.584°, elevation 3,502 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).