Mashad weather in September
In September, Mashad sees average daytime highs of 27°C and overnight lows near 13°C, with 2 mm of rain across 0.5 wet days and about 12.2 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 29°C in the first days to 24°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 94% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 48 min at the start of September to 11 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Mashad's 2nd-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mashad's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 27°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 13°
- 9th coldest
- Rainfall
- 2 mm
- 0.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 12 min
- 5:19 AM – 5:33 PM
- Cloud cover
- 7%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.9
- out of 10
Mashad is capital city of Razavi Khorasan Province, and second largest city in Iran.
- Density
- 7,034/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- ~818 CE
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs ease over the month, from about 29°C in the first days to 24°C by the end.
A typical September day in Mashad reaches about 27°C in the afternoon and slips back to 13°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 31°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 4°C cooler than August and about 6°C warmer than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 15 |
| 2 | 29 | 15 |
| 3 | 29 | 15 |
| 4 | 29 | 15 |
| 5 | 28 | 14 |
| 6 | 28 | 14 |
| 7 | 28 | 14 |
| 8 | 28 | 14 |
| 9 | 28 | 14 |
| 10 | 28 | 14 |
| 11 | 28 | 14 |
| 12 | 27 | 13 |
| 13 | 27 | 13 |
| 14 | 27 | 13 |
| 15 | 27 | 13 |
| 16 | 27 | 13 |
| 17 | 27 | 13 |
| 18 | 26 | 13 |
| 19 | 26 | 12 |
| 20 | 26 | 12 |
| 21 | 26 | 12 |
| 22 | 26 | 12 |
| 23 | 25 | 12 |
| 24 | 25 | 12 |
| 25 | 25 | 11 |
| 26 | 25 | 11 |
| 27 | 25 | 11 |
| 28 | 24 | 11 |
| 29 | 24 | 10 |
| 30 | 24 | 10 |
How September really feels in Mashad
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
September sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Mashad weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 4th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5° / -4° | 27 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 9.8 | 0.2 |
| Feb | 7° / -3° | 43 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 10.6 | 1.0 |
| Mar | 12° / 1° | 65 | 10.4 | 3.8 | 11.7 | 3.3 |
| Apr | 19° / 7° | 54 | 10.1 | 0.8 | 12.9 | 6.0 |
| May | 24° / 12° | 34 | 7.4 | 0.1 | 13.9 | 7.5 |
| Jun | 29° / 16° | 7 | 2.2 | 0 | 14.4 | 6.9 |
| Jul | 32° / 18° | 2 | 0.6 | 0 | 14.2 | 5.8 |
| Aug | 31° / 17° | 2 | 0.4 | 0 | 13.4 | 6.6 |
| Sep | 27° / 13° | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 12.2 | 8.9 |
| Oct | 21° / 7° | 9 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 11.1 | 8.3 |
| Nov | 13° / 2° | 20 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 10.1 | 4.4 |
| Dec | 8° / -2° | 20 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 9.6 | 1.5 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 94% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 4% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 2%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 94 |
| Cloudier (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 100 | 0 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 98 | 2 |
| 19 | 98 | 2 |
| 20 | 98 | 2 |
| 21 | 98 | 2 |
| 22 | 97 | 3 |
| 23 | 96 | 4 |
| 24 | 96 | 4 |
| 25 | 96 | 4 |
| 26 | 96 | 4 |
| 27 | 96 | 4 |
| 28 | 96 | 4 |
| 29 | 95 | 5 |
| 30 | 94 | 6 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Mashad gets around 2 mm of rain over 0.5 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 2% and peaks near 3% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 1 |
| 5 | 1 |
| 6 | 1 |
| 7 | 1 |
| 8 | 1 |
| 9 | 1 |
| 10 | 1 |
| 11 | 1 |
| 12 | 1 |
| 13 | 1 |
| 14 | 1 |
| 15 | 1 |
| 16 | 2 |
| 17 | 2 |
| 18 | 2 |
| 19 | 2 |
| 20 | 2 |
| 21 | 2 |
| 22 | 3 |
| 23 | 3 |
| 24 | 3 |
| 25 | 3 |
| 26 | 3 |
| 27 | 3 |
| 28 | 3 |
| 29 | 3 |
| 30 | 3 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 8 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 h 48 min at the start of September to 11 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 66 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 5:07 AM to 5:31 AM, and sunset from 5:56 PM to 5:11 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:07 | 5:08 | 5:09 | 5:09 | 5:10 | 5:11 | 5:12 | 5:13 | 5:13 | 5:14 | 5:15 | 5:16 | 5:17 | 5:17 | 5:18 | 5:19 | 5:20 | 5:21 | 5:22 | 5:22 | 5:23 | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:31 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:56 | 5:54 | 5:53 | 5:51 | 5:50 | 5:48 | 5:47 | 5:45 | 5:44 | 5:42 | 5:40 | 5:39 | 5:37 | 5:36 | 5:34 | 5:33 | 5:31 | 5:30 | 5:28 | 5:26 | 5:25 | 5:23 | 5:22 | 5:20 | 5:19 | 5:17 | 5:16 | 5:14 | 5:13 | 5:11 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.8 | 5:07 | 5:56 |
| 2 | 12.8 | 5:08 | 5:54 |
| 3 | 12.7 | 5:09 | 5:53 |
| 4 | 12.7 | 5:09 | 5:51 |
| 5 | 12.7 | 5:10 | 5:50 |
| 6 | 12.6 | 5:11 | 5:48 |
| 7 | 12.6 | 5:12 | 5:47 |
| 8 | 12.5 | 5:13 | 5:45 |
| 9 | 12.5 | 5:13 | 5:44 |
| 10 | 12.5 | 5:14 | 5:42 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 5:15 | 5:40 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 5:16 | 5:39 |
| 13 | 12.3 | 5:17 | 5:37 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 5:17 | 5:36 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 5:18 | 5:34 |
| 16 | 12.2 | 5:19 | 5:33 |
| 17 | 12.2 | 5:20 | 5:31 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 5:21 | 5:30 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 5:22 | 5:28 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 5:22 | 5:26 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 5:23 | 5:25 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 5:24 | 5:23 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 5:25 | 5:22 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 5:26 | 5:20 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 5:26 | 5:19 |
| 26 | 11.8 | 5:27 | 5:17 |
| 27 | 11.8 | 5:28 | 5:16 |
| 28 | 11.8 | 5:29 | 5:14 |
| 29 | 11.7 | 5:30 | 5:13 |
| 30 | 11.7 | 5:31 | 5:11 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 6 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.7 kWh/m² to a high of 7.72 kWh/m² in July across the year — September's 6 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.3 | Bright |
Is September a good time to visit Mashad?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is one of the better times to visit Mashad for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Mashad in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Mashad sees daytime highs around 27°C and nights near 13°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes.
UV index in Mashad in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 8 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mashad peaks around July 16 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 11 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 10 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 5 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 10 | Very high |
| Sep | 8 | Very high |
| Oct | 5 | High |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Mashad in September
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Mashad is worst in May — around 33 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.6× the cleanest month (December, 20 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 21 | 23 | 29 | 33 | 33 | 27 | 28 | 26 | 32 | 28 | 22 | 20 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 21 | Moderate |
| Feb | 23 | Moderate |
| Mar | 29 | Moderate |
| Apr | 33 | Moderate |
| May | 33 | Moderate |
| Jun | 27 | Moderate |
| Jul | 28 | Moderate |
| Aug | 26 | Moderate |
| Sep | 32 | Moderate |
| Oct | 28 | Moderate |
| Nov | 22 | Moderate |
| Dec | 20 | Moderate |
Where is Mashad?
Mashad sits at 36.3°N, 59.6°E, 980 m above sea level, in Iran. The nearest listed city is Gorjī-ye Soflá, 12 km away.
Topography around Mashad
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mashad.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mashad has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 60 m around an average of 984 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 642 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,881 m.
The land around Mashad is covered by artificial surfaces (94%) within 3 km, bare terrain (32%), artificial surfaces (29%) and cropland (25%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (49%), grassland (27%) and cropland (21%) within 80 km.
Iran travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 352% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $3,924
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.2 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 94%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.4
- per 100k, 2014
- Road deaths
- 21.5
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 492
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mashad (36.2981°, 59.6057°, elevation 980 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).