Climate and average weather in Ferrara
In Ferrara, the summers are hot, showery, and mostly clear and the winters are cool, snowy, and partly cloudy.
Over the course of the year, the temperature in Ferrara typically varies from 1°C to 32°C, and is rarely below -3°C or above 37°C. July is the hottest month of the year, while January is the coldest.
Based on the travel score, the best times of year to visit Ferrara for warm-weather activities are from early April to mid June and late August to late October.
- Hottest
- Jul
- 32°
- Coldest
- Jan
- 1°
- Wettest
- Nov
- 78 mm
- Driest
- Jan
- 41 mm
- Rain / yr
- 776 mm
- 105 wet days
- Daylight
- 8.6–15.4 h
- shortest–longest
- Elevation
- 9 m
- 44.8°N
- Clearest
- Jul
- 37% cloud
- Air quality
- Elevated
- PM2.5 17.1 µg/m³ · 2019
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Ferrara weather by month, at a glance
The whole year in one picture — sky, rain, humidity, temperature and travel score. Click any band to jump to its full chart.
Each stripe is one measure across the whole year, stacked so a single day reads top to bottom. The sky band runs overcast grey on top down to clear blue at the base — more blue means sunnier — followed by the rainfall curve, the humidity band, a temperature strip that tints each stretch of the year by how warm its average high is, and the travel-score line at the foot. Scan straight down any date to read that day across every measure at once; the score climbs highest around early April to mid June.
Temperature through the year
Daily average highs and lows in Ferrara, from 1991–2020 of climate data. The shaded bands show the range most days fall in — 10th to 90th percentile.
The hot season lasts 3.7 months, from May 27 to September 15, with daily high temperatures above 26°C. The hottest month of the year in Ferrara is July, with an average high of 32°C and low of 21°C.
The cool season lasts 3.4 months, from November 20 to March 1, with daily high temperatures below 13°C. The coldest month of the year in Ferrara is January, with an average low of 1°C and high of 8°C.
Days typically run about 9°C warmer than nights, with the widest day–night swing (around 11°C) in July.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 32 | 31 | 26 | 20 | 14 | 9 |
| Avg low (°C) | 1 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 21 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 7 | 2 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | 1 |
| Feb | 11 | 2 |
| Mar | 15 | 6 |
| Apr | 19 | 9 |
| May | 24 | 14 |
| Jun | 29 | 18 |
| Jul | 32 | 21 |
| Aug | 31 | 20 |
| Sep | 26 | 16 |
| Oct | 20 | 12 |
| Nov | 14 | 7 |
| Dec | 9 | 2 |
How hot and cold Ferrara really feels
The felt-temperature range through the year — heat index on the day's high (summer humidity), wind chill on the night's low (winter wind). The dashed lines are the plain thermometer; the gap is how much hotter or colder it really feels.
On the hottest afternoons, once humidity is folded in, Ferrara feels like about 33°C (around August 1). About 27 days a year carry some heat stress, peaking in August.
On the coldest nights, wind chill pulls the feels-like down to about -1°C (around January 1), with roughly 68 freezing days a year (feels-like at or below 0°C), worst in January.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feels-like high (°C) | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 32 | 32 | 26 | 20 | 14 | 9 |
| Air high (°C) | 8 | 11 | 15 | 19 | 24 | 29 | 32 | 31 | 26 | 20 | 14 | 9 |
| Feels-like low (°C) | -1 | 0 | 4 | 8 | 14 | 18 | 21 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 6 | 0 |
| Air low (°C) | 1 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 18 | 21 | 20 | 16 | 12 | 7 | 2 |
| Feels-like high (°C) | Air high (°C) | Feels-like low (°C) | Air low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | 8 | -1 | 1 |
| Feb | 11 | 11 | 0 | 2 |
| Mar | 15 | 15 | 4 | 6 |
| Apr | 19 | 19 | 8 | 9 |
| May | 24 | 24 | 14 | 14 |
| Jun | 29 | 29 | 18 | 18 |
| Jul | 32 | 32 | 21 | 21 |
| Aug | 32 | 31 | 20 | 20 |
| Sep | 26 | 26 | 16 | 16 |
| Oct | 20 | 20 | 12 | 12 |
| Nov | 14 | 14 | 6 | 7 |
| Dec | 9 | 9 | 0 | 2 |
Average hourly temperature in Ferrara
A compact picture of the whole year, hour by hour: each column is a day, each row an hour, and the color is the modeled average temperature. Darker overlays mark night, lighter ones the civil-twilight hours around sunrise and sunset.
Read left to right for the day of the year and top to bottom for the hour of the day; the color is the modeled temperature, cool blues through to hot reds on the same scale as the other charts. A vertical slice is a single day's swing — coolest just before dawn, warmest in the mid-afternoon — while a horizontal slice follows one hour across the seasons. The darker overlay marks night and the lighter one the twilight around sunrise and sunset. Colors run warmest on July afternoons, near 32°C, and coldest before dawn in January, near 1°C.
Ferrara weather by month
Every month at a glance. Click a month for its detailed page.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8° / 1° | 41 | 6.8 | 1 | 9 | 1.6 |
| Feb | 11° / 2° | 53 | 7.3 | 1.3 | 10.1 | 2.7 |
| Mar | 15° / 6° | 56 | 7.8 | 0.5 | 11.6 | 5.0 |
| Apr | 19° / 9° | 73 | 10.5 | 0 | 13.2 | 6.1 |
| May | 24° / 14° | 76 | 10.5 | 0 | 14.6 | 6.8 |
| Jun | 29° / 18° | 67 | 9.3 | 0 | 15.3 | 5.7 |
| Jul | 32° / 21° | 62 | 8.5 | 0 | 15 | 4.5 |
| Aug | 31° / 20° | 66 | 9.2 | 0 | 13.9 | 4.7 |
| Sep | 26° / 16° | 75 | 8.9 | 0 | 12.3 | 6.9 |
| Oct | 20° / 12° | 75 | 9 | 0 | 10.7 | 6.5 |
| Nov | 14° / 7° | 78 | 9.4 | 0.2 | 9.4 | 3.9 |
| Dec | 9° / 2° | 57 | 8 | 0.9 | 8.7 | 1.8 |
Chance of rain
How likely it is to rain on a typical day, and how that shifts across the wetter and drier seasons.
Ferrara gets about 776 mm of precipitation a year. On a typical day the chance of rain is some rain, but that rises and falls sharply with the seasons.
The wetter season lasts 2.8 months, from around Mar 28 to Jun 20, peaking in May at about 37% chance on a given day. The drier stretch runs the rest of the year, bottoming out around Jan 14.
November is the wettest month by volume, with 78 mm over about 9 wet days; January is the driest, with 41 mm. Some of the cold-season precipitation falls as snow.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain on a day (%) | 23 | 26 | 25 | 35 | 34 | 31 | 27 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 30 | 26 |
| Rain days | 7 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 |
| Rain on a day (%) | Rain days | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23 | 7 |
| Feb | 26 | 7 |
| Mar | 25 | 8 |
| Apr | 35 | 11 |
| May | 34 | 11 |
| Jun | 31 | 9 |
| Jul | 27 | 9 |
| Aug | 30 | 9 |
| Sep | 30 | 9 |
| Oct | 29 | 9 |
| Nov | 30 | 9 |
| Dec | 26 | 8 |
Monthly rainfall
Over a full year, Ferrara collects about 776 mm of rain across 105 wet days — roughly 65 mm in an average month.
It doesn’t fall evenly. November is the wettest month with 78 mm, while January is the driest at just 41 mm. The three wettest months alone bring about 29% of the year’s total, and some of the cold-season precipitation falls as snow.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rainfall (mm) | 41 | 53 | 56 | 73 | 76 | 67 | 62 | 66 | 75 | 75 | 78 | 57 |
| Rain days | 7 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 |
| Snow days | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Rainfall (mm) | Rain days | Snow days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 41 | 7 | 1 |
| Feb | 53 | 7 | 1 |
| Mar | 56 | 8 | 1 |
| Apr | 73 | 11 | 0 |
| May | 76 | 11 | 0 |
| Jun | 67 | 9 | 0 |
| Jul | 62 | 9 | 0 |
| Aug | 66 | 9 | 0 |
| Sep | 75 | 9 | 0 |
| Oct | 75 | 9 | 0 |
| Nov | 78 | 9 | 0 |
| Dec | 57 | 8 | 1 |
Snow in Ferrara
Average snowy days through the year, the snow-season span, and estimated snowfall — for ski trips and the perennial 'will there be snow at Christmas?' question.
Ferrara averages about 4 snowy days a year. Snow season runs roughly Dec 6 to Mar 12 — about 3.2 months.
February is snowiest, with roughly 1.4 day of snow and an estimated 6 cm of snowfall. Over the year that adds up to an estimated 19 cm of snow.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Snow days | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Snowfall (cm) | 4 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Snow days | Snowfall (cm) | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | 4 |
| Feb | 1 | 6 |
| Mar | 1 | 2 |
| Apr | 0 | 1 |
| May | 0 | 0 |
| Jun | 0 | 0 |
| Jul | 0 | 0 |
| Aug | 0 | 0 |
| Sep | 0 | 0 |
| Oct | 0 | 0 |
| Nov | 0 | 1 |
| Dec | 1 | 5 |
Clouds and sunshine
How often the daytime sky is clear, partly cloudy or overcast.
In Ferrara, the average share of the sky covered by clouds shows significant seasonal variation over the course of the year.
The clearer part of the year begins around May 23 and lasts for 4.3 months, ending around September 29. The clearest month is July, when the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 78% of the time on average.
The cloudier part of the year begins around September 30 and lasts for 5.3 months, ending around March 9. The cloudiest month is November, when it is overcast or mostly cloudy 59% of the time.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 47 | 52 | 57 | 53 | 54 | 67 | 78 | 77 | 66 | 51 | 41 | 45 |
| Cloudier (%) | 53 | 48 | 43 | 47 | 46 | 33 | 22 | 23 | 34 | 49 | 59 | 55 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 47 | 53 |
| Feb | 52 | 48 |
| Mar | 57 | 43 |
| Apr | 53 | 47 |
| May | 54 | 46 |
| Jun | 67 | 33 |
| Jul | 78 | 22 |
| Aug | 77 | 23 |
| Sep | 66 | 34 |
| Oct | 51 | 49 |
| Nov | 41 | 59 |
| Dec | 45 | 55 |
Daylight, sunrise and sunset
Hours of daylight through the year, with sunrise and sunset times.
The gold band is daylight — sunrise runs along its lower edge, sunset along the upper — so it widens toward summer and pinches toward winter, with night the dark area above and below. The longest day, around June 13, brings about 15 h 24 min of light; the shortest, around December 13, only 8 h 36 min — a swing of roughly 6 h 48 min.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.0 | 10.1 | 11.6 | 13.2 | 14.6 | 15.3 | 15.0 | 13.9 | 12.3 | 10.7 | 9.4 | 8.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:54 | 7:24 | 6:35 | 5:36 | 4:51 | 4:32 | 4:47 | 5:21 | 5:59 | 6:37 | 7:19 | 7:51 |
| Sunset (PM) | 4:52 | 5:32 | 6:12 | 6:51 | 7:29 | 7:55 | 7:52 | 7:14 | 6:17 | 5:20 | 4:38 | 4:28 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9.0 | 7:54 | 4:52 |
| Feb | 10.1 | 7:24 | 5:32 |
| Mar | 11.6 | 6:35 | 6:12 |
| Apr | 13.2 | 5:36 | 6:51 |
| May | 14.6 | 4:51 | 7:29 |
| Jun | 15.3 | 4:32 | 7:55 |
| Jul | 15.0 | 4:47 | 7:52 |
| Aug | 13.9 | 5:21 | 7:14 |
| Sep | 12.3 | 5:59 | 6:17 |
| Oct | 10.7 | 6:37 | 5:20 |
| Nov | 9.4 | 7:19 | 4:38 |
| Dec | 8.7 | 7:51 | 4:28 |
Sunny days
How many genuinely sunny days each month brings — days the sky stays clear or mostly clear — banded into plain-language zones.
Ferrara averages about 12 sunny days a month — counting the days the sky stays clear or mostly clear — with a clear seasonal swing between 7 and 19 days.
The sunnier stretch runs 3.6 months, from around Jun 11 to Sep 28. The sunniest month is July, with roughly 18 sunny days (bright).
The greyest month is November, down near 8 sunny days — about 57% fewer than the July peak.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunny days | 10 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 18 | 17 | 14 | 11 | 8 | 9 |
| Sky | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Mixed | Bright | Bright | Mixed | Mixed | Gloomy | Mixed |
| Sunny days | Sky | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Mixed |
| Feb | 11 | Mixed |
| Mar | 13 | Mixed |
| Apr | 11 | Mixed |
| May | 11 | Mixed |
| Jun | 13 | Mixed |
| Jul | 18 | Bright |
| Aug | 17 | Bright |
| Sep | 14 | Mixed |
| Oct | 11 | Mixed |
| Nov | 8 | Gloomy |
| Dec | 9 | Mixed |
Humidity comfort
Share of days at each humidity comfort level, based on the dew point — the measure that tracks how muggy it actually feels.
Humidity comfort is graded by the dew point — the temperature at which the air would be fully saturated — because it tracks how muggy it actually feels far better than relative humidity does. A low dew point feels dry and crisp; a high one feels sticky and oppressive no matter the reading on a humidity gauge.
In Ferrara, how humid it feels changes dramatically over the year.
The more humid part of the year lasts 4.2 months, from around May 30 to October 3. The muggiest month is August, when the air feels humid, muggy or worse about 71% of the time.
The most comfortable stretch runs from around October 4 to May 29, and April is the most comfortable month — the air is dry or comfortable 100% of the time.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 95 | 64 | 27 | 15 | 7 | 32 | 63 | 92 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 28 | 33 | 23 | 21 | 29 | 26 | 7 | 0 |
| Humid (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 30 | 35 | 38 | 29 | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| Muggy (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 25 | 31 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Oppressive (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Feb | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mar | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Apr | 95 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| May | 64 | 28 | 8 | 0 | 0 |
| Jun | 27 | 33 | 30 | 10 | 0 |
| Jul | 15 | 23 | 35 | 25 | 2 |
| Aug | 7 | 21 | 38 | 31 | 2 |
| Sep | 32 | 29 | 29 | 9 | 0 |
| Oct | 63 | 26 | 10 | 1 | 0 |
| Nov | 92 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Dec | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Wind
Average wind speed through the year, banded into plain-language speed zones so a number reads as 'breezy' or 'calm' without knowing the scale.
This is the average sustained wind speed at the standard 10 metres above open ground — the steady flow a weather station reports, not the sharper gusts that come and go, which can run half again as fast. It's the number that says whether a place is generally breezy or calm.
Wind in Ferrara is steady company: average speeds sit near 7 km/h — calm — in every month of the year, with no meaningful windy or calm season.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7 | calm |
| Feb | 7 | calm |
| Mar | 8 | calm |
| Apr | 8 | calm |
| May | 8 | calm |
| Jun | 7 | calm |
| Jul | 7 | calm |
| Aug | 7 | calm |
| Sep | 7 | calm |
| Oct | 7 | calm |
| Nov | 7 | calm |
| Dec | 7 | calm |
Best time to visit Ferrara
To characterize how pleasant the weather is in Ferrara throughout the year, we compute two travel scores — one for general sightseeing, one for beach and pool weather.
Around mid April, Ferrara is still near the start of its best-weather window — great conditions with the peak-season crowds not yet at full swing.
Inferred from the travel-score curve; month-by-month visitor numbers are a planned addition.
The travel score favors clear, rainless days with daytime highs between 18°C and 28°C. Based on this score, the best times of year to visit Ferrara for general outdoor tourist activities run from early April to mid June and again from late August to late October, with a peak score in the last week of September.
The travel score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Travel score (0–10) | 1.6 | 2.7 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 4.0 | 1.8 |
| Rating | poor | poor | fair | good | good | good | fair | fair | good | good | fair | poor |
| Travel score (0–10) | Rating | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1.6 | poor |
| Feb | 2.7 | poor |
| Mar | 5.0 | fair |
| Apr | 6.1 | good |
| May | 6.8 | good |
| Jun | 5.7 | good |
| Jul | 4.5 | fair |
| Aug | 4.8 | fair |
| Sep | 6.8 | good |
| Oct | 6.5 | good |
| Nov | 4.0 | fair |
| Dec | 1.8 | poor |
The beach/pool score favors clear, rainless days with daytime highs between 24°C and 34°C. Based on this score, the best time of year to visit Ferrara for hot-weather activities is from mid May to late September, with a peak score in the last week of August.
The beach/pool score (filled area), and its constituents: the temperature score (red line), the cloud cover score (blue line), and the precipitation score (green line).
What to pack for Ferrara, by month
Month by month, what's worth putting in the bag — from the temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind. Tap a month for a quick packing note.
For a warm-season trip around July (highs near 32°C), the essentials are light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. In the cold season around January (highs near 8°C), pack a warm layer.
In July, Ferrara sees daytime highs around 32°C and nights near 21°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection. Worth having: rain gear. About 9 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Ferrara
Average ocean temperature at the nearest coast, month by month, banded into swim-comfort zones — the other half of the beach question.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 64 km away) is warmest in August at about 26°C and coldest in February near 9°C.
It's comfortable for a long swim from May 27 to Oct 9 — about 4.5 months when the water holds above 20°C.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 10 | 9 | 10 | 14 | 19 | 23 | 26 | 26 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 13 |
| Comfort | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Bracing | Cool | Refreshing | Warm | Warm | Refreshing | Cool | Cool | Bracing |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Bracing |
| Feb | 9 | Bracing |
| Mar | 10 | Bracing |
| Apr | 14 | Bracing |
| May | 19 | Cool |
| Jun | 23 | Refreshing |
| Jul | 26 | Warm |
| Aug | 26 | Warm |
| Sep | 23 | Refreshing |
| Oct | 19 | Cool |
| Nov | 15 | Cool |
| Dec | 13 | Bracing |
UV index (midday) in Ferrara by month
Clear-sky midday UV index through the year, shaded by the WHO exposure levels — how much sun protection each month calls for.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ferrara peaks around July 13 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | Moderate |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 6 | High |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | Very high |
| Sep | 5 | Moderate |
| Oct | 3 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Average hourly UV index in Ferrara
Modeled clear-sky UV for every hour of every day — when in the day sun protection actually matters.
The whole year hour by hour: each column is a day, each row an hour, and the color is the modeled clear-sky UV index — the midday peak scaled down as the sun sits lower in the sky. Darker overlays mark night, lighter ones the civil-twilight hours around sunrise and sunset.
UV falls off far faster than brightness as the sun drops, so even in July the burn window is concentrated in the middle of the day: about 8 hours a day reach index 3 (protection recommended), and 4.5 hours reach 6 or more. Mornings and late afternoons stay comparatively gentle year round.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV ≥ 3 (h/day) | 0 | 0 | 4.5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| UV ≥ 6 (h/day) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| UV ≥ 3 (h/day) | UV ≥ 6 (h/day) | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 0 | 0 |
| Feb | 0 | 0 |
| Mar | 4.5 | 0 |
| Apr | 7 | 3 |
| May | 7 | 2.5 |
| Jun | 8 | 4.5 |
| Jul | 8 | 4.5 |
| Aug | 7 | 3.5 |
| Sep | 5 | 0 |
| Oct | 0 | 0 |
| Nov | 0 | 0 |
| Dec | 0 | 0 |
Air quality in Ferrara by month
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see which months the air is worst, not just the yearly average.
Air quality in Ferrara is worst in January — around 23 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 1.8× the cleanest month (September, 13 µg/m³).
Seasonal pattern from CAMS reanalysis, scaled to Ferrara's WHO annual average of 17.1 µg/m³.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 23 | 19 | 20 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 16 | 20 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23 | Moderate |
| Feb | 19 | Moderate |
| Mar | 20 | Moderate |
| Apr | 18 | Moderate |
| May | 16 | Moderate |
| Jun | 16 | Moderate |
| Jul | 14 | Moderate |
| Aug | 13 | Moderate |
| Sep | 13 | Moderate |
| Oct | 16 | Moderate |
| Nov | 16 | Moderate |
| Dec | 20 | Moderate |
Growing season
Ferrara is mild enough that a frost-free day stays more likely than not even in midwinter. Nights are reliably above freezing from about March 6 to November 26 (266 days); outside that window a hard frost is an occasional risk.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frost-free chance (%) | 63 | 70 | 95 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 95 | 71 |
| Frost nights | 31 | 28 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 31 |
| Frost-free chance (%) | Frost nights | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 63 | 31 |
| Feb | 70 | 28 |
| Mar | 95 | 6 |
| Apr | 100 | 0 |
| May | 100 | 0 |
| Jun | 100 | 0 |
| Jul | 100 | 0 |
| Aug | 100 | 0 |
| Sep | 100 | 0 |
| Oct | 100 | 0 |
| Nov | 95 | 4 |
| Dec | 71 | 31 |
Growing degree days
Growing degree days tally heat above 10°C: each day adds however many degrees its average temperature runs over that threshold, and cold days add nothing. Ferrara banks about 2,385 degree days a year, and the running total — which growers use to time plantings and predict maturity — climbs fastest around July.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growing degree days (°C·days) | 0 | 0 | 23 | 129 | 287 | 413 | 503 | 488 | 333 | 182 | 28 | 0 |
| Growing degree days (°C·days) | |
|---|---|
| Jan | 0 |
| Feb | 0 |
| Mar | 23 |
| Apr | 129 |
| May | 287 |
| Jun | 413 |
| Jul | 503 |
| Aug | 488 |
| Sep | 333 |
| Oct | 182 |
| Nov | 28 |
| Dec | 0 |
Solar energy
Average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground, banded into brightness zones so the number means something at a glance.
Solar energy is how much sunlight actually reaches the ground each day, measured in kilowatt-hours per square metre (kWh/m²) — the combined effect of how long the sun is up, how high it climbs, and how much cloud gets in the way. It's the raw fuel a solar panel has to work with: for scale, 1 kWh/m² a day is dim and wintry, while 7+ is desert-bright.
Ferrara receives about 4.0 kWh/m² a day of solar energy on average — moderate — with a clear seasonal swing between 1.3 and 6.8 kWh/m².
The brighter stretch of the year lasts 6.1 months, from around Mar 18 to Sep 19. The brightest month is June, averaging about 6.6 kWh/m² (intense).
The dimmest month is December, down near 1.3 kWh/m² — roughly 81% less than the June peak.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
| Level | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Bright | Bright | Moderate | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1.5 | Dim |
| Feb | 2.5 | Moderate |
| Mar | 3.9 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5.1 | Bright |
| May | 6.1 | Intense |
| Jun | 6.6 | Intense |
| Jul | 6.7 | Intense |
| Aug | 5.7 | Bright |
| Sep | 4.2 | Bright |
| Oct | 2.6 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1.6 | Dim |
| Dec | 1.3 | Dim |
Where is Ferrara?
Ferrara sits at 44.8°N, 11.6°E, 9 m above sea level, in Italy. The nearest listed city is Cento, 29 km away.
Topography around Ferrara
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ferrara.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ferrara has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 21 m around an average of 7 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 31 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,284 m.
The land around Ferrara is covered by artificial surfaces (43%), grassland (21%) and cropland (21%) within 3 km, cropland (67%) within 16 km, and cropland (50%) within 80 km.
Italy travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 69% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $43,309
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 97%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.6
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 5.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 513
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ferrara (44.838°, 11.6206°, elevation 9 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).