Merke weather in February
In February, Merke sees average daytime highs of -1°C and overnight lows near -10°C, with 52 mm of precipitation across 9.1 wet days and about 10.2 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about -2°C in the first days to 1°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 30% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Merke's 11th-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Merke's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -1°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -10°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 52 mm
- 9.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 18 min
- 8:14 AM – 6:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 63%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.35 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Merke is city of Kazakhstan.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about -2°C in the first days to 1°C by the end.
A typical February day in Merke reaches about -1°C in the afternoon and slips back to -10°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -8°C and 5°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 6°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Avg low (°C) | -11 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -7 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -2 | -11 |
| 2 | -2 | -11 |
| 3 | -2 | -11 |
| 4 | -2 | -11 |
| 5 | -2 | -11 |
| 6 | -2 | -10 |
| 7 | -2 | -10 |
| 8 | -2 | -10 |
| 9 | -2 | -10 |
| 10 | -2 | -10 |
| 11 | -2 | -10 |
| 12 | -2 | -10 |
| 13 | -1 | -10 |
| 14 | -1 | -10 |
| 15 | -1 | -10 |
| 16 | -1 | -10 |
| 17 | -1 | -10 |
| 18 | -1 | -9 |
| 19 | -1 | -9 |
| 20 | -1 | -9 |
| 21 | 0 | -9 |
| 22 | 0 | -9 |
| 23 | 0 | -9 |
| 24 | 0 | -8 |
| 25 | 0 | -8 |
| 26 | 1 | -8 |
| 27 | 1 | -8 |
| 28 | 1 | -7 |
How February really feels in Merke
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Merke weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -3° / -12° | 36 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -1° / -10° | 52 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 5° / -4° | 87 | 12.9 | 9.6 | 11.6 | 0.4 |
| Apr | 12° / 2° | 133 | 15.4 | 8.6 | 13.1 | 2.7 |
| May | 17° / 6° | 137 | 18.2 | 4.3 | 14.4 | 4.3 |
| Jun | 21° / 10° | 117 | 20 | 0.7 | 15.1 | 5.1 |
| Jul | 23° / 12° | 109 | 18.4 | 0 | 14.8 | 5.8 |
| Aug | 23° / 11° | 84 | 15.2 | 0.2 | 13.8 | 6.3 |
| Sep | 18° / 7° | 70 | 13.2 | 2.5 | 12.3 | 5.6 |
| Oct | 11° / 0° | 68 | 10 | 5.7 | 10.8 | 3.0 |
| Nov | 4° / -6° | 61 | 8.9 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 0.3 |
| Dec | -2° / -10° | 45 | 8.3 | 8.4 | 8.9 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 30% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 8% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 62%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 38 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
| Cloudier (%) | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 38 | 62 |
| 2 | 37 | 63 |
| 3 | 36 | 64 |
| 4 | 35 | 65 |
| 5 | 35 | 65 |
| 6 | 35 | 65 |
| 7 | 35 | 65 |
| 8 | 35 | 65 |
| 9 | 35 | 65 |
| 10 | 35 | 65 |
| 11 | 36 | 64 |
| 12 | 37 | 63 |
| 13 | 37 | 63 |
| 14 | 38 | 62 |
| 15 | 38 | 62 |
| 16 | 38 | 62 |
| 17 | 39 | 61 |
| 18 | 40 | 60 |
| 19 | 40 | 60 |
| 20 | 41 | 59 |
| 21 | 41 | 59 |
| 22 | 41 | 59 |
| 23 | 41 | 59 |
| 24 | 41 | 59 |
| 25 | 41 | 59 |
| 26 | 40 | 60 |
| 27 | 40 | 60 |
| 28 | 40 | 60 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Merke gets around 52 mm of rain and snow over 9.1 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 32% and peaks near 36% on the wettest days, and about 9 days bring snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 |
| Snow chance (%) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 29 |
| 2 | 28 | 29 |
| 3 | 29 | 29 |
| 4 | 29 | 29 |
| 5 | 29 | 29 |
| 6 | 30 | 30 |
| 7 | 30 | 30 |
| 8 | 30 | 30 |
| 9 | 31 | 31 |
| 10 | 31 | 31 |
| 11 | 31 | 31 |
| 12 | 31 | 31 |
| 13 | 32 | 31 |
| 14 | 32 | 32 |
| 15 | 32 | 32 |
| 16 | 33 | 32 |
| 17 | 33 | 33 |
| 18 | 34 | 33 |
| 19 | 34 | 33 |
| 20 | 34 | 33 |
| 21 | 35 | 33 |
| 22 | 35 | 33 |
| 23 | 35 | 33 |
| 24 | 35 | 32 |
| 25 | 35 | 32 |
| 26 | 35 | 32 |
| 27 | 35 | 32 |
| 28 | 36 | 32 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 72 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:30 AM to 7:55 AM, and sunset from 6:11 PM to 6:46 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:30 | 8:29 | 8:28 | 8:27 | 8:26 | 8:25 | 8:24 | 8:23 | 8:22 | 8:20 | 8:19 | 8:18 | 8:17 | 8:15 | 8:14 | 8:13 | 8:11 | 8:10 | 8:09 | 8:07 | 8:06 | 8:04 | 8:03 | 8:01 | 8:00 | 7:58 | 7:57 | 7:55 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:46 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.7 | 8:30 | 6:11 |
| 2 | 9.7 | 8:29 | 6:12 |
| 3 | 9.8 | 8:28 | 6:14 |
| 4 | 9.8 | 8:27 | 6:15 |
| 5 | 9.8 | 8:26 | 6:16 |
| 6 | 9.9 | 8:25 | 6:18 |
| 7 | 9.9 | 8:24 | 6:19 |
| 8 | 10.0 | 8:23 | 6:20 |
| 9 | 10.0 | 8:22 | 6:22 |
| 10 | 10.0 | 8:20 | 6:23 |
| 11 | 10.1 | 8:19 | 6:24 |
| 12 | 10.1 | 8:18 | 6:26 |
| 13 | 10.2 | 8:17 | 6:27 |
| 14 | 10.2 | 8:15 | 6:28 |
| 15 | 10.3 | 8:14 | 6:30 |
| 16 | 10.3 | 8:13 | 6:31 |
| 17 | 10.3 | 8:11 | 6:32 |
| 18 | 10.4 | 8:10 | 6:33 |
| 19 | 10.4 | 8:09 | 6:35 |
| 20 | 10.5 | 8:07 | 6:36 |
| 21 | 10.5 | 8:06 | 6:37 |
| 22 | 10.6 | 8:04 | 6:39 |
| 23 | 10.6 | 8:03 | 6:40 |
| 24 | 10.7 | 8:01 | 6:41 |
| 25 | 10.7 | 8:00 | 6:42 |
| 26 | 10.8 | 7:58 | 6:44 |
| 27 | 10.8 | 7:57 | 6:45 |
| 28 | 10.9 | 7:55 | 6:46 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.35 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.95 kWh/m² to a high of 6.54 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 3.35 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 28 | 4.0 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Merke?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Merke.
What to pack for Merke in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Merke sees daytime highs around -1°C and nights near -10°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. Worth having: rain gear. About 9 days see rain.
UV index in Merke in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Merke peaks around May 20 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 21 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 9 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 10 | Very high |
| Jun | 8 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Air quality in Merke in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Merke is worst in May — around 17 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 3.2× the cleanest month (December, 5 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 6 | 8 | 14 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 5 |
| Level | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6 | Good |
| Feb | 8 | Good |
| Mar | 14 | Moderate |
| Apr | 17 | Moderate |
| May | 17 | Moderate |
| Jun | 16 | Moderate |
| Jul | 15 | Moderate |
| Aug | 14 | Moderate |
| Sep | 14 | Moderate |
| Oct | 12 | Moderate |
| Nov | 8 | Good |
| Dec | 5 | Good |
Where is Merke?
Merke sits at 42.9°N, 73.2°E, 687 m above sea level, in Kazakhstan. The nearest listed city is Kara-Balta, 54 km away.
Topography around Merke
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Merke.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Merke has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 53 m around an average of 699 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,719 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,913 m.
The land around Merke is covered by artificial surfaces (39%), grassland (27%) and cropland (25%) within 3 km, grassland (47%) and cropland (47%) within 16 km, and grassland (65%) and cropland (24%) within 80 km.
Kazakhstan travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 33% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $14,692
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 92%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.6
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 417
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Merke (42.8718°, 73.1965°, elevation 687 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).