Shu weather in February
In February, Shu sees average daytime highs of 4°C and overnight lows near -6°C, with 36 mm of precipitation across 7.7 wet days and about 10.2 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 2°C in the first days to 6°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 29% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 36 min at the start of February to 10 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Shu's 12th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Shu's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 4°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -6°
- 3rd coldest
- Precipitation
- 36 mm
- 7.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 12 min
- 8:13 AM – 6:26 PM
- Cloud cover
- 64%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.04 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.1
- out of 10
Shu is human settlement in Kazakhstan.
- Founded
- 1960
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 2°C in the first days to 6°C by the end.
A typical February day in Shu reaches about 4°C in the afternoon and slips back to -6°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -5°C and 12°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 8°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| Avg low (°C) | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -3 | -3 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | -7 |
| 2 | 2 | -7 |
| 3 | 2 | -7 |
| 4 | 3 | -7 |
| 5 | 3 | -7 |
| 6 | 3 | -7 |
| 7 | 3 | -7 |
| 8 | 3 | -6 |
| 9 | 3 | -6 |
| 10 | 3 | -6 |
| 11 | 3 | -6 |
| 12 | 3 | -6 |
| 13 | 3 | -6 |
| 14 | 4 | -6 |
| 15 | 4 | -6 |
| 16 | 4 | -6 |
| 17 | 4 | -6 |
| 18 | 4 | -5 |
| 19 | 4 | -5 |
| 20 | 5 | -5 |
| 21 | 5 | -5 |
| 22 | 5 | -5 |
| 23 | 5 | -4 |
| 24 | 6 | -4 |
| 25 | 6 | -4 |
| 26 | 6 | -4 |
| 27 | 7 | -3 |
| 28 | 7 | -3 |
How February really feels in Shu
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Shu weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1° / -8° | 32 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 9.1 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 4° / -6° | 36 | 7.7 | 5.4 | 10.2 | 0.1 |
| Mar | 12° / 1° | 50 | 9.5 | 2.9 | 11.6 | 3.0 |
| Apr | 20° / 8° | 75 | 11.6 | 0.7 | 13.2 | 5.9 |
| May | 26° / 14° | 68 | 10.9 | 0 | 14.5 | 6.6 |
| Jun | 32° / 19° | 46 | 9.8 | 0 | 15.2 | 4.4 |
| Jul | 34° / 21° | 33 | 7.8 | 0 | 14.9 | 3.4 |
| Aug | 33° / 19° | 23 | 4.6 | 0 | 13.8 | 4.5 |
| Sep | 27° / 13° | 25 | 4.1 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.6 |
| Oct | 19° / 7° | 42 | 6.2 | 0.7 | 10.8 | 6.7 |
| Nov | 10° / -0° | 48 | 7.9 | 3.4 | 9.5 | 2.2 |
| Dec | 3° / -6° | 39 | 8 | 5.9 | 8.8 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 29% of the time in February, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 9% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 62%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 37 | 36 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 |
| Cloudier (%) | 63 | 64 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 59 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 37 | 63 |
| 2 | 36 | 64 |
| 3 | 35 | 65 |
| 4 | 36 | 64 |
| 5 | 36 | 64 |
| 6 | 34 | 66 |
| 7 | 34 | 66 |
| 8 | 34 | 66 |
| 9 | 35 | 65 |
| 10 | 35 | 65 |
| 11 | 35 | 65 |
| 12 | 36 | 64 |
| 13 | 37 | 63 |
| 14 | 38 | 62 |
| 15 | 38 | 62 |
| 16 | 39 | 61 |
| 17 | 40 | 60 |
| 18 | 40 | 60 |
| 19 | 41 | 59 |
| 20 | 41 | 59 |
| 21 | 41 | 59 |
| 22 | 41 | 59 |
| 23 | 41 | 59 |
| 24 | 41 | 59 |
| 25 | 41 | 59 |
| 26 | 41 | 59 |
| 27 | 41 | 59 |
| 28 | 41 | 59 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Shu gets around 36 mm of rain and snow over 7.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 27% and peaks near 29% on the wettest days, and about 5 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 |
| Snow chance (%) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 20 |
| 2 | 25 | 20 |
| 3 | 25 | 20 |
| 4 | 25 | 20 |
| 5 | 25 | 20 |
| 6 | 26 | 20 |
| 7 | 26 | 20 |
| 8 | 26 | 20 |
| 9 | 26 | 20 |
| 10 | 26 | 20 |
| 11 | 27 | 20 |
| 12 | 27 | 20 |
| 13 | 27 | 20 |
| 14 | 27 | 20 |
| 15 | 28 | 20 |
| 16 | 28 | 20 |
| 17 | 29 | 20 |
| 18 | 29 | 20 |
| 19 | 29 | 20 |
| 20 | 29 | 20 |
| 21 | 29 | 19 |
| 22 | 29 | 19 |
| 23 | 28 | 18 |
| 24 | 28 | 18 |
| 25 | 28 | 17 |
| 26 | 28 | 17 |
| 27 | 27 | 16 |
| 28 | 27 | 15 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 36 min at the start of February to 10 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 72 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:30 AM to 7:54 AM, and sunset from 6:07 PM to 6:43 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:30 | 8:29 | 8:28 | 8:27 | 8:26 | 8:25 | 8:23 | 8:22 | 8:21 | 8:20 | 8:19 | 8:17 | 8:16 | 8:15 | 8:13 | 8:12 | 8:10 | 8:09 | 8:08 | 8:06 | 8:05 | 8:03 | 8:02 | 8:00 | 7:58 | 7:57 | 7:55 | 7:54 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:43 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.6 | 8:30 | 6:07 |
| 2 | 9.7 | 8:29 | 6:08 |
| 3 | 9.7 | 8:28 | 6:10 |
| 4 | 9.7 | 8:27 | 6:11 |
| 5 | 9.8 | 8:26 | 6:12 |
| 6 | 9.8 | 8:25 | 6:14 |
| 7 | 9.9 | 8:23 | 6:15 |
| 8 | 9.9 | 8:22 | 6:16 |
| 9 | 9.9 | 8:21 | 6:18 |
| 10 | 10.0 | 8:20 | 6:19 |
| 11 | 10.0 | 8:19 | 6:20 |
| 12 | 10.1 | 8:17 | 6:22 |
| 13 | 10.1 | 8:16 | 6:23 |
| 14 | 10.2 | 8:15 | 6:25 |
| 15 | 10.2 | 8:13 | 6:26 |
| 16 | 10.3 | 8:12 | 6:27 |
| 17 | 10.3 | 8:10 | 6:29 |
| 18 | 10.3 | 8:09 | 6:30 |
| 19 | 10.4 | 8:08 | 6:31 |
| 20 | 10.4 | 8:06 | 6:33 |
| 21 | 10.5 | 8:05 | 6:34 |
| 22 | 10.5 | 8:03 | 6:35 |
| 23 | 10.6 | 8:02 | 6:37 |
| 24 | 10.6 | 8:00 | 6:38 |
| 25 | 10.7 | 7:58 | 6:39 |
| 26 | 10.7 | 7:57 | 6:41 |
| 27 | 10.8 | 7:55 | 6:42 |
| 28 | 10.8 | 7:54 | 6:43 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.04 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.75 kWh/m² to a high of 7.11 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 3.04 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.6 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Shu?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Shu.
What to pack for Shu in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Shu sees daytime highs around 4°C and nights near -6°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. About 8 days see rain.
UV index in Shu in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Shu peaks around May 20 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 18 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5 | High |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 7 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Shu in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Shu is worst in April — around 22 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.7× the cleanest month (December, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 9 | 12 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 18 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 19 | 13 | 8 |
| Level | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Good |
| Feb | 12 | Good |
| Mar | 21 | Moderate |
| Apr | 22 | Moderate |
| May | 22 | Moderate |
| Jun | 18 | Moderate |
| Jul | 21 | Moderate |
| Aug | 21 | Moderate |
| Sep | 22 | Moderate |
| Oct | 19 | Moderate |
| Nov | 13 | Moderate |
| Dec | 8 | Good |
Where is Shu?
Shu sits at 43.6°N, 73.8°E, 461 m above sea level, in Kazakhstan. The nearest listed city is Kara-Balta, 88 km away.
Topography around Shu
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Shu.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Shu has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 27 m around an average of 467 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 115 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,149 m.
The land around Shu is covered by artificial surfaces (41%) and grassland (34%) within 3 km, grassland (60%) and cropland (29%) within 16 km, and grassland (78%) within 80 km.
Kazakhstan travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 33% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $14,692
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.6 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 92%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.6
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 417
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Shu (43.6051°, 73.7622°, elevation 461 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).