Gharyan weather in February
In February, Gharyan sees average daytime highs of 17°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 27 mm of rain across 4.5 wet days and about 10.8 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 1st-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 16°C in the first days to 18°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 57% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Gharyan's 9th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Gharyan's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 17°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 27 mm
- 4.5 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 48 min
- 7:58 AM – 6:47 PM
- Cloud cover
- 37%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 15 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.24 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.3
- out of 10
Gharyan is town in northwestern Libya, in Jabal al Gharbi District.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 16°C in the first days to 18°C by the end.
A typical February day in Gharyan reaches about 17°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 12°C and 22°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and about 4°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg low (°C) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 16 | 8 |
| 2 | 16 | 8 |
| 3 | 16 | 8 |
| 4 | 16 | 8 |
| 5 | 16 | 8 |
| 6 | 16 | 8 |
| 7 | 16 | 8 |
| 8 | 16 | 8 |
| 9 | 16 | 8 |
| 10 | 16 | 8 |
| 11 | 16 | 8 |
| 12 | 16 | 8 |
| 13 | 16 | 8 |
| 14 | 16 | 8 |
| 15 | 16 | 8 |
| 16 | 17 | 8 |
| 17 | 17 | 8 |
| 18 | 17 | 8 |
| 19 | 17 | 8 |
| 20 | 17 | 8 |
| 21 | 17 | 8 |
| 22 | 17 | 9 |
| 23 | 18 | 9 |
| 24 | 18 | 9 |
| 25 | 18 | 9 |
| 26 | 18 | 9 |
| 27 | 18 | 9 |
| 28 | 18 | 9 |
How February really feels in Gharyan
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Gharyan weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 11th-warmest and 1st-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15° / 8° | 27 | 4.9 | 10.1 | 5.5 |
| Feb | 17° / 8° | 27 | 4.5 | 10.8 | 6.3 |
| Mar | 20° / 11° | 23 | 3.9 | 11.8 | 7.7 |
| Apr | 25° / 14° | 12 | 2.2 | 12.8 | 8.5 |
| May | 29° / 18° | 6 | 1.2 | 13.6 | 7.1 |
| Jun | 33° / 21° | 2 | 0.4 | 14.1 | 4.8 |
| Jul | 35° / 23° | 0 | 0.1 | 13.9 | 3.9 |
| Aug | 35° / 23° | 2 | 0.3 | 13.2 | 3.8 |
| Sep | 32° / 22° | 10 | 2.3 | 12.2 | 5.0 |
| Oct | 28° / 18° | 18 | 3.4 | 11.2 | 7.5 |
| Nov | 22° / 13° | 13 | 2.6 | 10.4 | 8.1 |
| Dec | 17° / 9° | 20 | 4.7 | 9.9 | 6.3 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 57% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 28%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 |
| Cloudier (%) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 71 | 29 |
| 2 | 71 | 29 |
| 3 | 71 | 29 |
| 4 | 71 | 29 |
| 5 | 72 | 28 |
| 6 | 72 | 28 |
| 7 | 72 | 28 |
| 8 | 72 | 28 |
| 9 | 72 | 28 |
| 10 | 72 | 28 |
| 11 | 72 | 28 |
| 12 | 73 | 27 |
| 13 | 72 | 28 |
| 14 | 72 | 28 |
| 15 | 72 | 28 |
| 16 | 72 | 28 |
| 17 | 73 | 27 |
| 18 | 73 | 27 |
| 19 | 73 | 27 |
| 20 | 73 | 27 |
| 21 | 73 | 27 |
| 22 | 73 | 27 |
| 23 | 73 | 27 |
| 24 | 73 | 27 |
| 25 | 74 | 26 |
| 26 | 74 | 26 |
| 27 | 74 | 26 |
| 28 | 74 | 26 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Gharyan gets around 27 mm of rain over 4.5 wet days in February, the wettest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 16% and peaks near 16% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 16 |
| 2 | 16 |
| 3 | 16 |
| 4 | 16 |
| 5 | 16 |
| 6 | 16 |
| 7 | 16 |
| 8 | 16 |
| 9 | 16 |
| 10 | 16 |
| 11 | 16 |
| 12 | 16 |
| 13 | 16 |
| 14 | 16 |
| 15 | 16 |
| 16 | 16 |
| 17 | 16 |
| 18 | 16 |
| 19 | 16 |
| 20 | 16 |
| 21 | 15 |
| 22 | 15 |
| 23 | 15 |
| 24 | 15 |
| 25 | 15 |
| 26 | 15 |
| 27 | 15 |
| 28 | 14 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 15 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 15 km/h on the calmest days to 15 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | light breeze |
| 2 | 15 | light breeze |
| 3 | 15 | light breeze |
| 4 | 15 | light breeze |
| 5 | 15 | light breeze |
| 6 | 15 | light breeze |
| 7 | 15 | light breeze |
| 8 | 15 | light breeze |
| 9 | 15 | light breeze |
| 10 | 15 | light breeze |
| 11 | 15 | light breeze |
| 12 | 15 | light breeze |
| 13 | 15 | light breeze |
| 14 | 15 | light breeze |
| 15 | 15 | light breeze |
| 16 | 15 | light breeze |
| 17 | 15 | light breeze |
| 18 | 15 | light breeze |
| 19 | 15 | light breeze |
| 20 | 15 | light breeze |
| 21 | 15 | light breeze |
| 22 | 15 | light breeze |
| 23 | 15 | light breeze |
| 24 | 15 | light breeze |
| 25 | 15 | light breeze |
| 26 | 15 | light breeze |
| 27 | 15 | light breeze |
| 28 | 15 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 48 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:08 AM to 7:45 AM, and sunset from 6:35 PM to 6:58 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:08 | 8:08 | 8:07 | 8:06 | 8:06 | 8:05 | 8:04 | 8:04 | 8:03 | 8:02 | 8:01 | 8:00 | 8:00 | 7:59 | 7:58 | 7:57 | 7:56 | 7:55 | 7:54 | 7:53 | 7:52 | 7:51 | 7:50 | 7:49 | 7:48 | 7:47 | 7:46 | 7:45 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:53 | 6:54 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:58 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.4 | 8:08 | 6:35 |
| 2 | 10.5 | 8:08 | 6:36 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 8:07 | 6:37 |
| 4 | 10.5 | 8:06 | 6:37 |
| 5 | 10.5 | 8:06 | 6:38 |
| 6 | 10.6 | 8:05 | 6:39 |
| 7 | 10.6 | 8:04 | 6:40 |
| 8 | 10.6 | 8:04 | 6:41 |
| 9 | 10.7 | 8:03 | 6:42 |
| 10 | 10.7 | 8:02 | 6:43 |
| 11 | 10.7 | 8:01 | 6:44 |
| 12 | 10.7 | 8:00 | 6:45 |
| 13 | 10.8 | 8:00 | 6:45 |
| 14 | 10.8 | 7:59 | 6:46 |
| 15 | 10.8 | 7:58 | 6:47 |
| 16 | 10.9 | 7:57 | 6:48 |
| 17 | 10.9 | 7:56 | 6:49 |
| 18 | 10.9 | 7:55 | 6:50 |
| 19 | 10.9 | 7:54 | 6:51 |
| 20 | 11.0 | 7:53 | 6:52 |
| 21 | 11.0 | 7:52 | 6:52 |
| 22 | 11.0 | 7:51 | 6:53 |
| 23 | 11.1 | 7:50 | 6:54 |
| 24 | 11.1 | 7:49 | 6:55 |
| 25 | 11.1 | 7:48 | 6:56 |
| 26 | 11.2 | 7:47 | 6:56 |
| 27 | 11.2 | 7:46 | 6:57 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 7:45 | 6:58 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.24 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.93 kWh/m² to a high of 7.87 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 4.24 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 7 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 8 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 9 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.8 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Gharyan
None of Gharyan's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Gharyan sees seasonal dust haze (March–June), heaviest in April.
Is February a good time to visit Gharyan?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Gharyan for sightseeing.
What to pack for Gharyan in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Gharyan sees daytime highs around 17°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: a warm layer. About 5 days see rain.
UV index in Gharyan in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 6 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Gharyan peaks around June 18 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 10 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | High | Very high | High | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 6 | High |
| Mar | 7 | Very high |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 8 | Very high |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Gharyan in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Gharyan is worst in April — around 66 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 2.3× the cleanest month (August, 29 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 53 | 50 | 56 | 66 | 50 | 40 | 30 | 29 | 34 | 38 | 44 | 44 |
| Level | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Poor |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 53 | Poor |
| Feb | 50 | Poor |
| Mar | 56 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 66 | Unhealthy |
| May | 50 | Poor |
| Jun | 40 | Poor |
| Jul | 30 | Moderate |
| Aug | 29 | Moderate |
| Sep | 34 | Moderate |
| Oct | 38 | Poor |
| Nov | 44 | Poor |
| Dec | 44 | Poor |
Where is Gharyan?
Gharyan sits at 32.2°N, 13.0°E, 704 m above sea level, in Libya. The nearest listed city is Al Qawāsim, 4.0 km away.
Topography around Gharyan
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Gharyan.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Gharyan has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 376 m around an average of 625 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 676 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 951 m.
The land around Gharyan is covered by grassland (52%) and artificial surfaces (26%) within 3 km, grassland (65%) and bare terrain (22%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (54%) and grassland (28%) within 80 km.
Libya travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 39% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $6,449
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.7 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Road deaths
- 21.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 395
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Gharyan (32.1722°, 13.0203°, elevation 704 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).