Yafran weather in February
In February, Yafran sees average daytime highs of 16°C and overnight lows near 7°C, with 23 mm of precipitation across 3.9 wet days and about 10.8 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 1st-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 15°C in the first days to 17°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 59% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Yafran's 9th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Yafran's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 16°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 7°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 23 mm
- 3.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 48 min
- 8:00 AM – 6:49 PM
- Cloud cover
- 36%
- 9th clearest
- Wind
- 15 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.35 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.9
- out of 10
Yafran is human settlement in Libya.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 15°C in the first days to 17°C by the end.
A typical February day in Yafran reaches about 16°C in the afternoon and slips back to 7°C overnight — a 9°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 11°C and 22°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 4°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg low (°C) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 6 |
| 2 | 15 | 6 |
| 3 | 15 | 6 |
| 4 | 15 | 6 |
| 5 | 15 | 6 |
| 6 | 15 | 6 |
| 7 | 15 | 6 |
| 8 | 15 | 6 |
| 9 | 15 | 6 |
| 10 | 15 | 6 |
| 11 | 15 | 7 |
| 12 | 15 | 7 |
| 13 | 15 | 7 |
| 14 | 16 | 7 |
| 15 | 16 | 7 |
| 16 | 16 | 7 |
| 17 | 16 | 7 |
| 18 | 16 | 7 |
| 19 | 16 | 7 |
| 20 | 16 | 7 |
| 21 | 17 | 7 |
| 22 | 17 | 8 |
| 23 | 17 | 8 |
| 24 | 17 | 8 |
| 25 | 17 | 8 |
| 26 | 17 | 8 |
| 27 | 18 | 8 |
| 28 | 18 | 8 |
How February really feels in Yafran
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Yafran weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 1st-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14° / 6° | 21 | 4.3 | 10.1 | 5.1 |
| Feb | 16° / 7° | 23 | 3.9 | 10.8 | 5.9 |
| Mar | 20° / 10° | 19 | 3.5 | 11.8 | 7.6 |
| Apr | 25° / 13° | 10 | 2 | 12.8 | 8.6 |
| May | 29° / 17° | 7 | 1.4 | 13.6 | 7.2 |
| Jun | 33° / 21° | 2 | 0.6 | 14.1 | 4.8 |
| Jul | 35° / 23° | 0 | 0 | 13.9 | 3.8 |
| Aug | 34° / 23° | 2 | 0.4 | 13.2 | 3.8 |
| Sep | 32° / 21° | 9 | 2.3 | 12.2 | 5.3 |
| Oct | 27° / 17° | 18 | 3.1 | 11.2 | 7.8 |
| Nov | 21° / 12° | 12 | 2.4 | 10.4 | 8.0 |
| Dec | 16° / 8° | 17 | 3.9 | 9.9 | 5.9 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 59% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 27%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 72 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 |
| Cloudier (%) | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 72 | 28 |
| 2 | 71 | 29 |
| 3 | 71 | 29 |
| 4 | 71 | 29 |
| 5 | 72 | 28 |
| 6 | 72 | 28 |
| 7 | 72 | 28 |
| 8 | 71 | 29 |
| 9 | 71 | 29 |
| 10 | 72 | 28 |
| 11 | 72 | 28 |
| 12 | 72 | 28 |
| 13 | 72 | 28 |
| 14 | 73 | 27 |
| 15 | 73 | 27 |
| 16 | 73 | 27 |
| 17 | 73 | 27 |
| 18 | 73 | 27 |
| 19 | 73 | 27 |
| 20 | 74 | 26 |
| 21 | 75 | 25 |
| 22 | 75 | 25 |
| 23 | 75 | 25 |
| 24 | 76 | 24 |
| 25 | 76 | 24 |
| 26 | 76 | 24 |
| 27 | 76 | 24 |
| 28 | 77 | 23 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Yafran gets around 23 mm of rain and snow over 3.9 wet days in February, the wettest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 14% and peaks near 16% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 16 |
| 2 | 16 |
| 3 | 15 |
| 4 | 15 |
| 5 | 15 |
| 6 | 15 |
| 7 | 15 |
| 8 | 15 |
| 9 | 14 |
| 10 | 14 |
| 11 | 14 |
| 12 | 13 |
| 13 | 13 |
| 14 | 13 |
| 15 | 13 |
| 16 | 13 |
| 17 | 13 |
| 18 | 13 |
| 19 | 13 |
| 20 | 13 |
| 21 | 13 |
| 22 | 13 |
| 23 | 13 |
| 24 | 13 |
| 25 | 13 |
| 26 | 13 |
| 27 | 13 |
| 28 | 12 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 15 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 15 km/h on the calmest days to 15 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | light breeze |
| 2 | 15 | light breeze |
| 3 | 15 | light breeze |
| 4 | 15 | light breeze |
| 5 | 15 | light breeze |
| 6 | 15 | light breeze |
| 7 | 15 | light breeze |
| 8 | 15 | light breeze |
| 9 | 15 | light breeze |
| 10 | 15 | light breeze |
| 11 | 15 | light breeze |
| 12 | 15 | light breeze |
| 13 | 15 | light breeze |
| 14 | 15 | light breeze |
| 15 | 15 | light breeze |
| 16 | 15 | light breeze |
| 17 | 15 | light breeze |
| 18 | 15 | light breeze |
| 19 | 15 | light breeze |
| 20 | 15 | light breeze |
| 21 | 15 | light breeze |
| 22 | 15 | light breeze |
| 23 | 15 | light breeze |
| 24 | 15 | light breeze |
| 25 | 15 | light breeze |
| 26 | 15 | light breeze |
| 27 | 15 | light breeze |
| 28 | 15 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 48 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:10 AM to 7:46 AM, and sunset from 6:37 PM to 7:00 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:10 | 8:09 | 8:09 | 8:08 | 8:07 | 8:07 | 8:06 | 8:05 | 8:05 | 8:04 | 8:03 | 8:02 | 8:01 | 8:00 | 8:00 | 7:59 | 7:58 | 7:57 | 7:56 | 7:55 | 7:54 | 7:53 | 7:52 | 7:51 | 7:50 | 7:49 | 7:48 | 7:46 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:53 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:58 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 7:00 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.4 | 8:10 | 6:37 |
| 2 | 10.5 | 8:09 | 6:38 |
| 3 | 10.5 | 8:09 | 6:39 |
| 4 | 10.5 | 8:08 | 6:40 |
| 5 | 10.6 | 8:07 | 6:40 |
| 6 | 10.6 | 8:07 | 6:41 |
| 7 | 10.6 | 8:06 | 6:42 |
| 8 | 10.6 | 8:05 | 6:43 |
| 9 | 10.7 | 8:05 | 6:44 |
| 10 | 10.7 | 8:04 | 6:45 |
| 11 | 10.7 | 8:03 | 6:46 |
| 12 | 10.7 | 8:02 | 6:47 |
| 13 | 10.8 | 8:01 | 6:48 |
| 14 | 10.8 | 8:00 | 6:48 |
| 15 | 10.8 | 8:00 | 6:49 |
| 16 | 10.9 | 7:59 | 6:50 |
| 17 | 10.9 | 7:58 | 6:51 |
| 18 | 10.9 | 7:57 | 6:52 |
| 19 | 10.9 | 7:56 | 6:53 |
| 20 | 11.0 | 7:55 | 6:54 |
| 21 | 11.0 | 7:54 | 6:54 |
| 22 | 11.0 | 7:53 | 6:55 |
| 23 | 11.1 | 7:52 | 6:56 |
| 24 | 11.1 | 7:51 | 6:57 |
| 25 | 11.1 | 7:50 | 6:58 |
| 26 | 11.2 | 7:49 | 6:59 |
| 27 | 11.2 | 7:48 | 6:59 |
| 28 | 11.2 | 7:46 | 7:00 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.35 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.01 kWh/m² to a high of 7.93 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 4.35 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 5 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 6 | 4.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.1 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.0 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Yafran
None of Yafran's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Yafran sees seasonal dust haze (March–June), heaviest in April.
Is February a good time to visit Yafran?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Yafran for sightseeing.
What to pack for Yafran in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Yafran sees daytime highs around 16°C and nights near 7°C. Worth packing: a warm layer. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in Yafran in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 6 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Yafran peaks around June 19 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 23 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 6 | High |
| Mar | 8 | Very high |
| Apr | 7 | Very high |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 8 | Very high |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Air quality in Yafran in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Yafran is worst in April — around 66 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 2.3× the cleanest month (August, 29 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 53 | 50 | 56 | 66 | 50 | 40 | 30 | 29 | 34 | 38 | 44 | 44 |
| Level | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Poor | Poor |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 53 | Poor |
| Feb | 50 | Poor |
| Mar | 56 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 66 | Unhealthy |
| May | 50 | Poor |
| Jun | 40 | Poor |
| Jul | 30 | Moderate |
| Aug | 29 | Moderate |
| Sep | 34 | Moderate |
| Oct | 38 | Poor |
| Nov | 44 | Poor |
| Dec | 44 | Poor |
Where is Yafran?
Yafran sits at 32.1°N, 12.5°E, 681 m above sea level, in Libya. The nearest listed city is Ar Rayāyinah, 17 km away.
Topography around Yafran
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Yafran.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Yafran has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 451 m around an average of 581 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 647 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 952 m.
The land around Yafran is covered by grassland (68%) within 3 km, grassland (54%) and bare terrain (43%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (71%) and grassland (21%) within 80 km.
Libya travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F / L
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 39% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $6,449
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.7 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Road deaths
- 21.3
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 395
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Yafran (32.0633°, 12.5286°, elevation 681 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).