Karonga weather in February
In February, Karonga sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 25°C, with 179 mm of rain across 20.9 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 6% of the time in February, and the air most often feels oppressive.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Karonga's 11th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Karonga's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 25°
- 8th coldest
- Rainfall
- 179 mm
- 20.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 5:49 AM – 6:09 PM
- Cloud cover
- 84%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.14 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.2
- out of 10
Karonga is township in the Karonga District in Northern Region of Malawi.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 28°C through the month.
A typical February day in Karonga reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 25°C overnight — a 3°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 26°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 25 |
| 2 | 28 | 25 |
| 3 | 28 | 25 |
| 4 | 28 | 25 |
| 5 | 28 | 25 |
| 6 | 28 | 25 |
| 7 | 28 | 25 |
| 8 | 28 | 25 |
| 9 | 28 | 25 |
| 10 | 28 | 25 |
| 11 | 28 | 25 |
| 12 | 28 | 25 |
| 13 | 28 | 25 |
| 14 | 28 | 25 |
| 15 | 28 | 25 |
| 16 | 28 | 25 |
| 17 | 28 | 25 |
| 18 | 28 | 25 |
| 19 | 28 | 25 |
| 20 | 28 | 25 |
| 21 | 28 | 25 |
| 22 | 28 | 25 |
| 23 | 28 | 25 |
| 24 | 28 | 25 |
| 25 | 28 | 25 |
| 26 | 28 | 25 |
| 27 | 28 | 25 |
| 28 | 28 | 25 |
Karonga weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 5th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28° / 25° | 184 | 23.3 | 12.5 | 4.2 |
| Feb | 28° / 25° | 179 | 20.9 | 12.3 | 4.2 |
| Mar | 27° / 24° | 169 | 21.5 | 12.1 | 4.6 |
| Apr | 27° / 24° | 51 | 9.9 | 11.8 | 6.7 |
| May | 26° / 23° | 6 | 1.5 | 11.6 | 8.6 |
| Jun | 24° / 22° | 2 | 0.8 | 11.4 | 9.1 |
| Jul | 23° / 21° | 3 | 0.8 | 11.5 | 9.1 |
| Aug | 24° / 22° | 1 | 0.2 | 11.7 | 9.4 |
| Sep | 27° / 24° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.9 | 8.9 |
| Oct | 28° / 26° | 3 | 0.8 | 12.2 | 7.7 |
| Nov | 29° / 26° | 32 | 5.7 | 12.5 | 6.1 |
| Dec | 28° / 25° | 121 | 17.2 | 12.6 | 4.7 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 6% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 7% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 87%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 |
| Cloudier (%) | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 84 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | 89 |
| 2 | 11 | 89 |
| 3 | 11 | 89 |
| 4 | 11 | 89 |
| 5 | 11 | 89 |
| 6 | 11 | 89 |
| 7 | 11 | 89 |
| 8 | 13 | 87 |
| 9 | 13 | 87 |
| 10 | 13 | 87 |
| 11 | 13 | 87 |
| 12 | 13 | 87 |
| 13 | 13 | 87 |
| 14 | 13 | 87 |
| 15 | 13 | 87 |
| 16 | 13 | 87 |
| 17 | 14 | 86 |
| 18 | 14 | 86 |
| 19 | 13 | 87 |
| 20 | 13 | 87 |
| 21 | 14 | 86 |
| 22 | 14 | 86 |
| 23 | 14 | 86 |
| 24 | 14 | 86 |
| 25 | 14 | 86 |
| 26 | 14 | 86 |
| 27 | 14 | 86 |
| 28 | 16 | 84 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Karonga gets around 179 mm of rain over 20.9 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 75% and peaks near 77% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 77 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 77 |
| 2 | 77 |
| 3 | 77 |
| 4 | 76 |
| 5 | 76 |
| 6 | 76 |
| 7 | 75 |
| 8 | 75 |
| 9 | 74 |
| 10 | 74 |
| 11 | 74 |
| 12 | 74 |
| 13 | 74 |
| 14 | 74 |
| 15 | 74 |
| 16 | 74 |
| 17 | 74 |
| 18 | 74 |
| 19 | 74 |
| 20 | 74 |
| 21 | 74 |
| 22 | 74 |
| 23 | 74 |
| 24 | 75 |
| 25 | 75 |
| 26 | 75 |
| 27 | 74 |
| 28 | 74 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels oppressive — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the oppressive band about 75% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muggy (%) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Oppressive (%) | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 |
| Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 74 |
| 2 | 26 | 74 |
| 3 | 26 | 74 |
| 4 | 26 | 74 |
| 5 | 26 | 74 |
| 6 | 26 | 74 |
| 7 | 27 | 73 |
| 8 | 27 | 73 |
| 9 | 28 | 72 |
| 10 | 28 | 72 |
| 11 | 28 | 72 |
| 12 | 28 | 72 |
| 13 | 27 | 73 |
| 14 | 26 | 74 |
| 15 | 26 | 74 |
| 16 | 25 | 75 |
| 17 | 24 | 76 |
| 18 | 24 | 76 |
| 19 | 23 | 77 |
| 20 | 23 | 77 |
| 21 | 22 | 78 |
| 22 | 22 | 78 |
| 23 | 21 | 79 |
| 24 | 21 | 79 |
| 25 | 21 | 79 |
| 26 | 21 | 79 |
| 27 | 21 | 79 |
| 28 | 21 | 79 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 5:45 AM to 5:51 AM, and sunset from 6:11 PM to 6:04 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:51 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:04 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.4 | 5:45 | 6:11 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 5:45 | 6:11 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 5:46 | 6:11 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 5:46 | 6:11 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 5:46 | 6:10 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 5:47 | 6:10 |
| 7 | 12.4 | 5:47 | 6:10 |
| 8 | 12.4 | 5:47 | 6:10 |
| 9 | 12.4 | 5:48 | 6:10 |
| 10 | 12.4 | 5:48 | 6:10 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 5:48 | 6:10 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 5:48 | 6:09 |
| 13 | 12.3 | 5:49 | 6:09 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 5:49 | 6:09 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 5:49 | 6:09 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 5:49 | 6:08 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 5:50 | 6:08 |
| 18 | 12.3 | 5:50 | 6:08 |
| 19 | 12.3 | 5:50 | 6:08 |
| 20 | 12.3 | 5:50 | 6:07 |
| 21 | 12.3 | 5:50 | 6:07 |
| 22 | 12.3 | 5:50 | 6:06 |
| 23 | 12.3 | 5:51 | 6:06 |
| 24 | 12.3 | 5:51 | 6:06 |
| 25 | 12.2 | 5:51 | 6:05 |
| 26 | 12.2 | 5:51 | 6:05 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 5:51 | 6:05 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 5:51 | 6:04 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.14 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.68 kWh/m² to a high of 7.15 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.14 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.1 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Karonga
In February, Karonga sits inside its cyclone and monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Karonga sits in the South Indian Ocean cyclone belt; the season peaks January–March.
Karonga's monsoon runs December–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Karonga?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Karonga for sightseeing.
What to pack for Karonga in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Karonga sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 25°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 21 days see rain.
UV index in Karonga in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Karonga peaks around February 22 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 16 at about 9 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 14 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 10 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Karonga in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Karonga is worst in October — around 32 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 3.9× the cleanest month (May, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 12 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 32 | 19 | 9 |
| Level | Good | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12 | Good |
| Feb | 13 | Moderate |
| Mar | 11 | Good |
| Apr | 9 | Good |
| May | 8 | Good |
| Jun | 9 | Good |
| Jul | 12 | Good |
| Aug | 17 | Moderate |
| Sep | 23 | Moderate |
| Oct | 32 | Moderate |
| Nov | 19 | Moderate |
| Dec | 9 | Good |
Where is Karonga?
Karonga sits at 9.9°S, 33.9°E, 486 m above sea level, in Malawi. The nearest listed city is Kyela, 40 km away.
Topography around Karonga
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Karonga.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Karonga has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 17 m around an average of 480 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 433 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,352 m.
The land around Karonga is covered by cropland (40%) and water (24%) within 3 km, water (47%), cropland (23%) and shrubs (20%) within 16 km, and trees (33%), shrubs (23%) and water (23%) within 80 km.
Malawi travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 53% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $672
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 18%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 1.8
- per 100k, 2012
- Road deaths
- 33.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 465
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Karonga (-9.9333°, 33.9333°, elevation 486 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Tropical-cyclone seasons are the published climatological basin seasons (NOAA National Hurricane Center / regional warning centres). UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).