Ipinda weather in February
In February, Ipinda sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 21°C, with 371 mm of rain across 24.8 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 3rd-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Ipinda's 11th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Ipinda's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 25°
- 3rd warmest
- Overnight low
- 21°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 371 mm
- 24.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 6:50 AM – 7:08 PM
- Cloud cover
- 88%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.17 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.9
- out of 10
Ipinda is administrative ward in Tanzania.
- Density
- 406/km²
- people per km²
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month.
A typical February day in Ipinda reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 21°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 23°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and about 1°C warmer than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 21 |
| 2 | 25 | 21 |
| 3 | 25 | 21 |
| 4 | 25 | 21 |
| 5 | 25 | 21 |
| 6 | 25 | 21 |
| 7 | 25 | 21 |
| 8 | 25 | 21 |
| 9 | 25 | 21 |
| 10 | 25 | 21 |
| 11 | 25 | 21 |
| 12 | 25 | 21 |
| 13 | 25 | 21 |
| 14 | 25 | 21 |
| 15 | 25 | 21 |
| 16 | 25 | 21 |
| 17 | 25 | 21 |
| 18 | 25 | 21 |
| 19 | 25 | 21 |
| 20 | 25 | 21 |
| 21 | 25 | 21 |
| 22 | 25 | 21 |
| 23 | 25 | 21 |
| 24 | 25 | 21 |
| 25 | 25 | 21 |
| 26 | 25 | 21 |
| 27 | 25 | 20 |
| 28 | 25 | 20 |
Ipinda weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 3rd-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 25° / 21° | 434 | 28.2 | 12.5 | 3.8 |
| Feb | 25° / 21° | 371 | 24.8 | 12.3 | 3.9 |
| Mar | 24° / 20° | 672 | 29.5 | 12.1 | 3.7 |
| Apr | 23° / 19° | 611 | 29.1 | 11.8 | 3.7 |
| May | 22° / 18° | 188 | 24.8 | 11.6 | 4.6 |
| Jun | 21° / 16° | 65 | 17 | 11.5 | 5.3 |
| Jul | 20° / 15° | 57 | 15.2 | 11.5 | 5.7 |
| Aug | 22° / 16° | 34 | 9.1 | 11.7 | 7.1 |
| Sep | 24° / 18° | 23 | 5.8 | 11.9 | 8.0 |
| Oct | 26° / 20° | 108 | 15.8 | 12.2 | 6.2 |
| Nov | 26° / 20° | 321 | 25.3 | 12.4 | 4.3 |
| Dec | 25° / 20° | 534 | 30.3 | 12.5 | 3.6 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 6% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 93%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 |
| Cloudier (%) | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 95 |
| 2 | 5 | 95 |
| 3 | 5 | 95 |
| 4 | 5 | 95 |
| 5 | 5 | 95 |
| 6 | 5 | 95 |
| 7 | 6 | 94 |
| 8 | 6 | 94 |
| 9 | 6 | 94 |
| 10 | 6 | 94 |
| 11 | 6 | 94 |
| 12 | 7 | 93 |
| 13 | 7 | 93 |
| 14 | 7 | 93 |
| 15 | 7 | 93 |
| 16 | 7 | 93 |
| 17 | 7 | 93 |
| 18 | 8 | 92 |
| 19 | 8 | 92 |
| 20 | 8 | 92 |
| 21 | 8 | 92 |
| 22 | 7 | 93 |
| 23 | 8 | 92 |
| 24 | 8 | 92 |
| 25 | 8 | 92 |
| 26 | 8 | 92 |
| 27 | 8 | 92 |
| 28 | 7 | 93 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Ipinda gets around 371 mm of rain over 24.8 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 88% and peaks near 90% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 89 |
| 2 | 89 |
| 3 | 89 |
| 4 | 89 |
| 5 | 88 |
| 6 | 88 |
| 7 | 88 |
| 8 | 87 |
| 9 | 87 |
| 10 | 87 |
| 11 | 87 |
| 12 | 87 |
| 13 | 87 |
| 14 | 87 |
| 15 | 88 |
| 16 | 88 |
| 17 | 88 |
| 18 | 88 |
| 19 | 89 |
| 20 | 89 |
| 21 | 89 |
| 22 | 89 |
| 23 | 89 |
| 24 | 90 |
| 25 | 90 |
| 26 | 90 |
| 27 | 90 |
| 28 | 90 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 79% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 79% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humid (%) | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 |
| Muggy (%) | 80 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 82 |
| Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 80 |
| 2 | 20 | 80 |
| 3 | 21 | 79 |
| 4 | 21 | 79 |
| 5 | 21 | 79 |
| 6 | 21 | 79 |
| 7 | 22 | 78 |
| 8 | 22 | 78 |
| 9 | 22 | 78 |
| 10 | 22 | 78 |
| 11 | 22 | 78 |
| 12 | 22 | 78 |
| 13 | 22 | 78 |
| 14 | 22 | 78 |
| 15 | 22 | 78 |
| 16 | 22 | 78 |
| 17 | 22 | 78 |
| 18 | 22 | 78 |
| 19 | 21 | 79 |
| 20 | 21 | 79 |
| 21 | 21 | 79 |
| 22 | 20 | 80 |
| 23 | 20 | 80 |
| 24 | 20 | 80 |
| 25 | 19 | 81 |
| 26 | 19 | 81 |
| 27 | 18 | 82 |
| 28 | 18 | 82 |
Wind in February
Winds average 4 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:46 AM to 6:52 AM, and sunset from 7:10 PM to 7:04 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:52 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:09 | 7:09 | 7:09 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:04 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.4 | 6:46 | 7:10 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 6:46 | 7:10 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 6:46 | 7:10 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 6:47 | 7:10 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 6:47 | 7:10 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 6:47 | 7:10 |
| 7 | 12.4 | 6:48 | 7:10 |
| 8 | 12.4 | 6:48 | 7:10 |
| 9 | 12.4 | 6:48 | 7:10 |
| 10 | 12.3 | 6:48 | 7:09 |
| 11 | 12.3 | 6:49 | 7:09 |
| 12 | 12.3 | 6:49 | 7:09 |
| 13 | 12.3 | 6:49 | 7:09 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 6:49 | 7:09 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 6:50 | 7:08 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 6:50 | 7:08 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 6:50 | 7:08 |
| 18 | 12.3 | 6:50 | 7:08 |
| 19 | 12.3 | 6:50 | 7:07 |
| 20 | 12.3 | 6:51 | 7:07 |
| 21 | 12.3 | 6:51 | 7:07 |
| 22 | 12.3 | 6:51 | 7:06 |
| 23 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:06 |
| 24 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:06 |
| 25 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:05 |
| 26 | 12.2 | 6:51 | 7:05 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 6:52 | 7:04 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 6:52 | 7:04 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.17 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.45 kWh/m² to a high of 6.85 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 5.17 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.1 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Ipinda
In February, Ipinda sits inside its cyclone and monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Ipinda sits in the South Indian Ocean cyclone belt; the season peaks January–March.
Ipinda's monsoon runs November–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Ipinda?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Ipinda.
What to pack for Ipinda in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Ipinda sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 21°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes and sun protection. About 25 days see rain.
UV index in Ipinda in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ipinda peaks around February 22 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 17 at about 10 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Ipinda in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Ipinda is worst in October — around 32 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 3.9× the cleanest month (May, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 12 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 17 | 23 | 32 | 19 | 9 |
| Level | Good | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 12 | Good |
| Feb | 13 | Moderate |
| Mar | 11 | Good |
| Apr | 9 | Good |
| May | 8 | Good |
| Jun | 9 | Good |
| Jul | 12 | Good |
| Aug | 17 | Moderate |
| Sep | 23 | Moderate |
| Oct | 32 | Moderate |
| Nov | 19 | Moderate |
| Dec | 9 | Good |
Where is Ipinda?
Ipinda sits at 9.5°S, 33.9°E, 490 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Kyela, 12 km away.
Topography around Ipinda
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ipinda.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ipinda has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 31 m around an average of 490 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,512 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,473 m.
The land around Ipinda is covered by trees (50%) and cropland (32%) within 3 km, trees (49%) and cropland (25%) within 16 km, and trees (35%) and shrubs (24%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ipinda (-9.4833°, 33.9°, elevation 490 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Tropical-cyclone seasons are the published climatological basin seasons (NOAA National Hurricane Center / regional warning centres). UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).