El Salto weather in February
In February, El Salto sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 25 mm of rain across 2.6 wet days and about 11.3 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 23°C in the first days to 25°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 62% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 06 min at the start of February to 11 h 30 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is El Salto's 2nd-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see El Salto's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 25 mm
- 2.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 18 min
- 7:33 AM – 6:52 PM
- Cloud cover
- 34%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.77 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.6
- out of 10
El Salto is village in Atenguillo Municipality, Jalisco, Mexico.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 23°C in the first days to 25°C by the end.
A typical February day in El Salto reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 15°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 21°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 2°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 9 |
| 2 | 23 | 9 |
| 3 | 23 | 9 |
| 4 | 23 | 9 |
| 5 | 23 | 9 |
| 6 | 24 | 9 |
| 7 | 24 | 9 |
| 8 | 24 | 9 |
| 9 | 24 | 9 |
| 10 | 24 | 9 |
| 11 | 24 | 9 |
| 12 | 24 | 10 |
| 13 | 24 | 10 |
| 14 | 24 | 10 |
| 15 | 25 | 10 |
| 16 | 25 | 10 |
| 17 | 25 | 10 |
| 18 | 25 | 10 |
| 19 | 25 | 10 |
| 20 | 25 | 10 |
| 21 | 25 | 10 |
| 22 | 25 | 10 |
| 23 | 25 | 10 |
| 24 | 25 | 10 |
| 25 | 25 | 10 |
| 26 | 26 | 10 |
| 27 | 26 | 10 |
| 28 | 26 | 10 |
El Salto weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23° / 9° | 33 | 3.1 | 10.9 | 8.2 |
| Feb | 24° / 10° | 25 | 2.6 | 11.3 | 8.6 |
| Mar | 26° / 10° | 12 | 1.6 | 11.9 | 8.5 |
| Apr | 28° / 12° | 8 | 1.5 | 12.5 | 7.5 |
| May | 29° / 14° | 38 | 6.7 | 13 | 6.2 |
| Jun | 27° / 16° | 234 | 21.4 | 13.2 | 4.7 |
| Jul | 25° / 16° | 308 | 27.1 | 13.1 | 4.0 |
| Aug | 25° / 16° | 306 | 27.2 | 12.7 | 4.0 |
| Sep | 25° / 16° | 269 | 23.1 | 12.1 | 4.5 |
| Oct | 25° / 15° | 103 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 6.5 |
| Nov | 25° / 12° | 28 | 4 | 11 | 8.3 |
| Dec | 23° / 10° | 17 | 2.4 | 10.8 | 8.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 62% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 15% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 24%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 80 |
| Cloudier (%) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 20 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 71 | 29 |
| 2 | 71 | 29 |
| 3 | 71 | 29 |
| 4 | 71 | 29 |
| 5 | 72 | 28 |
| 6 | 72 | 28 |
| 7 | 73 | 27 |
| 8 | 73 | 27 |
| 9 | 74 | 26 |
| 10 | 75 | 25 |
| 11 | 76 | 24 |
| 12 | 76 | 24 |
| 13 | 77 | 23 |
| 14 | 77 | 23 |
| 15 | 77 | 23 |
| 16 | 79 | 21 |
| 17 | 79 | 21 |
| 18 | 79 | 21 |
| 19 | 79 | 21 |
| 20 | 80 | 20 |
| 21 | 80 | 20 |
| 22 | 80 | 20 |
| 23 | 80 | 20 |
| 24 | 80 | 20 |
| 25 | 80 | 20 |
| 26 | 80 | 20 |
| 27 | 79 | 21 |
| 28 | 80 | 20 |
Chance of precipitation in February
El Salto gets around 25 mm of rain over 2.6 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 9% and peaks near 15% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 15 |
| 2 | 15 |
| 3 | 14 |
| 4 | 14 |
| 5 | 14 |
| 6 | 14 |
| 7 | 13 |
| 8 | 12 |
| 9 | 12 |
| 10 | 11 |
| 11 | 10 |
| 12 | 9 |
| 13 | 9 |
| 14 | 8 |
| 15 | 8 |
| 16 | 7 |
| 17 | 7 |
| 18 | 6 |
| 19 | 6 |
| 20 | 6 |
| 21 | 5 |
| 22 | 5 |
| 23 | 5 |
| 24 | 4 |
| 25 | 4 |
| 26 | 4 |
| 27 | 4 |
| 28 | 4 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 100 | 0 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 100 | 0 |
| 11 | 100 | 0 |
| 12 | 100 | 0 |
| 13 | 100 | 0 |
| 14 | 100 | 0 |
| 15 | 100 | 0 |
| 16 | 100 | 0 |
| 17 | 100 | 0 |
| 18 | 100 | 0 |
| 19 | 100 | 0 |
| 20 | 100 | 0 |
| 21 | 100 | 0 |
| 22 | 100 | 0 |
| 23 | 100 | 0 |
| 24 | 100 | 0 |
| 25 | 100 | 0 |
| 26 | 100 | 0 |
| 27 | 100 | 0 |
| 28 | 100 | 0 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 06 min at the start of February to 11 h 30 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 24 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:39 AM to 7:25 AM, and sunset from 6:44 PM to 6:58 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:39 | 7:39 | 7:38 | 7:38 | 7:38 | 7:37 | 7:37 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:35 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:26 | 7:25 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:53 | 6:53 | 6:54 | 6:54 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:57 | 6:58 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.1 | 7:39 | 6:44 |
| 2 | 11.1 | 7:39 | 6:45 |
| 3 | 11.1 | 7:38 | 6:45 |
| 4 | 11.1 | 7:38 | 6:46 |
| 5 | 11.1 | 7:38 | 6:46 |
| 6 | 11.2 | 7:37 | 6:47 |
| 7 | 11.2 | 7:37 | 6:48 |
| 8 | 11.2 | 7:37 | 6:48 |
| 9 | 11.2 | 7:36 | 6:49 |
| 10 | 11.2 | 7:36 | 6:49 |
| 11 | 11.2 | 7:35 | 6:50 |
| 12 | 11.3 | 7:35 | 6:50 |
| 13 | 11.3 | 7:34 | 6:51 |
| 14 | 11.3 | 7:34 | 6:51 |
| 15 | 11.3 | 7:33 | 6:52 |
| 16 | 11.3 | 7:33 | 6:52 |
| 17 | 11.3 | 7:32 | 6:53 |
| 18 | 11.4 | 7:32 | 6:53 |
| 19 | 11.4 | 7:31 | 6:54 |
| 20 | 11.4 | 7:30 | 6:54 |
| 21 | 11.4 | 7:30 | 6:55 |
| 22 | 11.4 | 7:29 | 6:55 |
| 23 | 11.5 | 7:29 | 6:56 |
| 24 | 11.5 | 7:28 | 6:56 |
| 25 | 11.5 | 7:27 | 6:57 |
| 26 | 11.5 | 7:26 | 6:57 |
| 27 | 11.5 | 7:26 | 6:57 |
| 28 | 11.5 | 7:25 | 6:58 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.77 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.66 kWh/m² to a high of 7.44 kWh/m² in April across the year — February's 5.77 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 18 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 19 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.4 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for El Salto
None of El Salto's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
El Salto's monsoon runs June–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit El Salto?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit El Salto for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for El Salto in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, El Salto sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 10°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in El Salto in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in El Salto peaks around April 19 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 16 at about 7 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 8 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | Very high |
| Feb | 11 | Extreme |
| Mar | 13 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 8 | Very high |
| Dec | 7 | High |
Air quality in El Salto in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in El Salto is worst in May — around 41 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 4.7× the cleanest month (January, 9 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 9 | 9 | 11 | 20 | 41 | 18 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Poor | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Good |
| Feb | 9 | Good |
| Mar | 11 | Good |
| Apr | 20 | Moderate |
| May | 41 | Poor |
| Jun | 18 | Moderate |
| Jul | 11 | Good |
| Aug | 11 | Good |
| Sep | 11 | Good |
| Oct | 10 | Good |
| Nov | 9 | Good |
| Dec | 10 | Good |
Where is El Salto?
El Salto sits at 20.3°N, 104.5°W, 1,563 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Ameca, 53 km away.
Topography around El Salto
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of El Salto.
Within 3 km, the terrain around El Salto has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 461 m around an average of 1,528 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,227 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,673 m.
The land around El Salto is covered by grassland (72%) within 3 km, trees (61%) and grassland (35%) within 16 km, and trees (66%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for El Salto (20.3333°, -104.5°, elevation 1,563 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).