Heroica Caborca weather in February
In February, Heroica Caborca sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 18 mm of rain across 2.8 wet days and about 10.9 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 60% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 18 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Heroica Caborca's 11th-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Heroica Caborca's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 18 mm
- 2.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 54 min
- 7:17 AM – 6:10 PM
- Cloud cover
- 36%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 6th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.77 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.5
- out of 10
Heroica Caborca is municipal seat of Caborca, State of Sonora, Mexico.
- Founded
- 1688
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month.
A typical February day in Heroica Caborca reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 18°C and 29°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 1°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg low (°C) | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23 | 8 |
| 2 | 23 | 9 |
| 3 | 23 | 9 |
| 4 | 23 | 9 |
| 5 | 23 | 9 |
| 6 | 23 | 9 |
| 7 | 23 | 9 |
| 8 | 23 | 9 |
| 9 | 23 | 9 |
| 10 | 23 | 9 |
| 11 | 23 | 9 |
| 12 | 23 | 9 |
| 13 | 23 | 9 |
| 14 | 23 | 9 |
| 15 | 23 | 10 |
| 16 | 24 | 10 |
| 17 | 24 | 10 |
| 18 | 24 | 10 |
| 19 | 24 | 10 |
| 20 | 24 | 10 |
| 21 | 24 | 10 |
| 22 | 24 | 10 |
| 23 | 24 | 10 |
| 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 25 | 24 | 10 |
| 26 | 24 | 10 |
| 27 | 24 | 10 |
| 28 | 24 | 10 |
How February really feels in Heroica Caborca
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Heroica Caborca weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 22° / 8° | 16 | 2.1 | 10.2 | 8.5 |
| Feb | 24° / 9° | 18 | 2.8 | 10.9 | 8.5 |
| Mar | 27° / 12° | 11 | 1.8 | 11.8 | 8.3 |
| Apr | 30° / 15° | 3 | 0.6 | 12.7 | 6.5 |
| May | 34° / 19° | 1 | 0.3 | 13.5 | 4.0 |
| Jun | 38° / 24° | 2 | 0.6 | 13.9 | 1.1 |
| Jul | 39° / 28° | 23 | 6 | 13.8 | 0.4 |
| Aug | 39° / 28° | 36 | 8.5 | 13.1 | 0.7 |
| Sep | 37° / 25° | 29 | 4.8 | 12.2 | 1.8 |
| Oct | 33° / 19° | 13 | 1.5 | 11.2 | 4.9 |
| Nov | 27° / 12° | 10 | 1.4 | 10.4 | 8.3 |
| Dec | 22° / 8° | 20 | 3 | 10 | 8.2 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 60% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 28%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 78 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 72 | 73 |
| Cloudier (%) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 27 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 78 | 22 |
| 2 | 78 | 22 |
| 3 | 78 | 22 |
| 4 | 77 | 23 |
| 5 | 76 | 24 |
| 6 | 76 | 24 |
| 7 | 75 | 25 |
| 8 | 74 | 26 |
| 9 | 73 | 27 |
| 10 | 72 | 28 |
| 11 | 72 | 28 |
| 12 | 70 | 30 |
| 13 | 70 | 30 |
| 14 | 70 | 30 |
| 15 | 69 | 31 |
| 16 | 69 | 31 |
| 17 | 69 | 31 |
| 18 | 69 | 31 |
| 19 | 69 | 31 |
| 20 | 69 | 31 |
| 21 | 71 | 29 |
| 22 | 71 | 29 |
| 23 | 71 | 29 |
| 24 | 72 | 28 |
| 25 | 72 | 28 |
| 26 | 73 | 27 |
| 27 | 72 | 28 |
| 28 | 73 | 27 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Heroica Caborca gets around 18 mm of rain over 2.8 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 10% and peaks near 12% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 7 |
| 2 | 8 |
| 3 | 8 |
| 4 | 8 |
| 5 | 9 |
| 6 | 9 |
| 7 | 10 |
| 8 | 10 |
| 9 | 11 |
| 10 | 11 |
| 11 | 11 |
| 12 | 11 |
| 13 | 11 |
| 14 | 12 |
| 15 | 11 |
| 16 | 11 |
| 17 | 11 |
| 18 | 11 |
| 19 | 11 |
| 20 | 10 |
| 21 | 10 |
| 22 | 10 |
| 23 | 9 |
| 24 | 9 |
| 25 | 9 |
| 26 | 9 |
| 27 | 9 |
| 28 | 9 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 98% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 98 | 2 |
| 2 | 98 | 2 |
| 3 | 98 | 2 |
| 4 | 98 | 2 |
| 5 | 98 | 2 |
| 6 | 98 | 2 |
| 7 | 98 | 2 |
| 8 | 98 | 2 |
| 9 | 97 | 3 |
| 10 | 97 | 3 |
| 11 | 97 | 3 |
| 12 | 97 | 3 |
| 13 | 97 | 3 |
| 14 | 97 | 3 |
| 15 | 97 | 3 |
| 16 | 97 | 3 |
| 17 | 97 | 3 |
| 18 | 97 | 3 |
| 19 | 98 | 2 |
| 20 | 98 | 2 |
| 21 | 98 | 2 |
| 22 | 98 | 2 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 |
| 27 | 99 | 1 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 30 min at the start of February to 11 h 18 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 48 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:26 AM to 7:04 AM, and sunset from 5:58 PM to 6:20 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:26 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:04 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:20 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.5 | 7:26 | 5:58 |
| 2 | 10.6 | 7:26 | 5:59 |
| 3 | 10.6 | 7:25 | 6:00 |
| 4 | 10.6 | 7:25 | 6:01 |
| 5 | 10.6 | 7:24 | 6:01 |
| 6 | 10.7 | 7:23 | 6:02 |
| 7 | 10.7 | 7:23 | 6:03 |
| 8 | 10.7 | 7:22 | 6:04 |
| 9 | 10.7 | 7:21 | 6:05 |
| 10 | 10.8 | 7:21 | 6:06 |
| 11 | 10.8 | 7:20 | 6:07 |
| 12 | 10.8 | 7:19 | 6:07 |
| 13 | 10.8 | 7:18 | 6:08 |
| 14 | 10.9 | 7:17 | 6:09 |
| 15 | 10.9 | 7:17 | 6:10 |
| 16 | 10.9 | 7:16 | 6:11 |
| 17 | 10.9 | 7:15 | 6:12 |
| 18 | 11.0 | 7:14 | 6:12 |
| 19 | 11.0 | 7:13 | 6:13 |
| 20 | 11.0 | 7:12 | 6:14 |
| 21 | 11.1 | 7:11 | 6:15 |
| 22 | 11.1 | 7:10 | 6:16 |
| 23 | 11.1 | 7:09 | 6:16 |
| 24 | 11.1 | 7:08 | 6:17 |
| 25 | 11.2 | 7:07 | 6:18 |
| 26 | 11.2 | 7:06 | 6:19 |
| 27 | 11.2 | 7:05 | 6:19 |
| 28 | 11.3 | 7:04 | 6:20 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.77 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.58 kWh/m² to a high of 8.38 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 4.77 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.4 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Heroica Caborca?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Heroica Caborca for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Heroica Caborca in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Heroica Caborca sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 9°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Heroica Caborca in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 5 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Heroica Caborca peaks around June 22 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 4 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 4 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4 | Moderate |
| Feb | 5 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 9 | Very high |
| May | 9 | Very high |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 7 | High |
| Nov | 5 | Moderate |
| Dec | 4 | Moderate |
Air quality in Heroica Caborca in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Heroica Caborca is worst in January — around 24 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.9× the cleanest month (September, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 24 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 15 |
| Level | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24 | Moderate |
| Feb | 11 | Good |
| Mar | 9 | Good |
| Apr | 10 | Good |
| May | 9 | Good |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 10 | Good |
| Aug | 9 | Good |
| Sep | 8 | Good |
| Oct | 8 | Good |
| Nov | 10 | Good |
| Dec | 15 | Moderate |
Where is Heroica Caborca?
Heroica Caborca sits at 30.7°N, 112.2°W, 288 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Magdalena de Kino, 115 km away.
Topography around Heroica Caborca
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Heroica Caborca.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Heroica Caborca has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 105 m around an average of 289 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 469 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,615 m.
The land around Heroica Caborca is covered by artificial surfaces (46%) and bare terrain (44%) within 3 km, bare terrain (50%) and shrubs (41%) within 16 km, and shrubs (68%) and bare terrain (28%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Heroica Caborca (30.7183°, -112.1584°, elevation 288 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).