Libres weather in April
In April, Libres sees average daytime highs of 22°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 67 mm of rain across 12.7 wet days and about 12.4 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 22°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 37% of the time in April, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 12 min at the start of April to 12 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, April is Libres's 6th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Libres's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 22°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 7th coldest
- Rainfall
- 67 mm
- 12.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 24 min
- 6:18 AM – 6:44 PM
- Cloud cover
- 50%
- 6th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.55 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.4
- out of 10
Libres is municipal seat of Libres, State of Puebla, Mexico.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in April
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 22°C through the month.
A typical April day in Libres reaches about 22°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 19°C and 26°C. Set against its neighbours, April runs about 1°C warmer than March and on par with May.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 9 |
| 2 | 22 | 9 |
| 3 | 22 | 9 |
| 4 | 22 | 9 |
| 5 | 22 | 9 |
| 6 | 22 | 9 |
| 7 | 22 | 9 |
| 8 | 22 | 9 |
| 9 | 22 | 9 |
| 10 | 22 | 9 |
| 11 | 22 | 9 |
| 12 | 22 | 9 |
| 13 | 22 | 9 |
| 14 | 22 | 9 |
| 15 | 22 | 9 |
| 16 | 22 | 9 |
| 17 | 22 | 9 |
| 18 | 22 | 9 |
| 19 | 22 | 9 |
| 20 | 22 | 9 |
| 21 | 22 | 9 |
| 22 | 22 | 9 |
| 23 | 22 | 10 |
| 24 | 23 | 10 |
| 25 | 23 | 10 |
| 26 | 23 | 10 |
| 27 | 23 | 10 |
| 28 | 23 | 10 |
| 29 | 23 | 10 |
| 30 | 23 | 10 |
Libres weather by month
How April compares with the rest of the year at a glance. April is the 1st-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18° / 5° | 13 | 3 | 11 | 7.2 |
| Feb | 20° / 6° | 14 | 3.3 | 11.3 | 7.6 |
| Mar | 22° / 8° | 34 | 8 | 11.9 | 7.2 |
| Apr | 22° / 9° | 67 | 12.7 | 12.4 | 6.4 |
| May | 22° / 10° | 102 | 16.9 | 12.9 | 5.8 |
| Jun | 21° / 11° | 145 | 18.9 | 13.2 | 5.1 |
| Jul | 21° / 10° | 104 | 16.8 | 13.1 | 5.3 |
| Aug | 21° / 10° | 121 | 18.8 | 12.7 | 5.1 |
| Sep | 20° / 11° | 148 | 20.2 | 12.1 | 4.7 |
| Oct | 19° / 9° | 81 | 11.9 | 11.6 | 5.8 |
| Nov | 19° / 7° | 29 | 6.7 | 11.1 | 6.7 |
| Dec | 18° / 5° | 10 | 2.3 | 10.8 | 7.4 |
Cloud cover in April
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 37% of the time in April.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 30% of April, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 34%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 62 |
| Cloudier (%) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 69 | 31 |
| 2 | 69 | 31 |
| 3 | 69 | 31 |
| 4 | 69 | 31 |
| 5 | 68 | 32 |
| 6 | 68 | 32 |
| 7 | 69 | 31 |
| 8 | 69 | 31 |
| 9 | 69 | 31 |
| 10 | 69 | 31 |
| 11 | 68 | 32 |
| 12 | 68 | 32 |
| 13 | 67 | 33 |
| 14 | 67 | 33 |
| 15 | 68 | 32 |
| 16 | 67 | 33 |
| 17 | 67 | 33 |
| 18 | 66 | 34 |
| 19 | 66 | 34 |
| 20 | 65 | 35 |
| 21 | 65 | 35 |
| 22 | 64 | 36 |
| 23 | 64 | 36 |
| 24 | 63 | 37 |
| 25 | 64 | 36 |
| 26 | 64 | 36 |
| 27 | 64 | 36 |
| 28 | 63 | 37 |
| 29 | 63 | 37 |
| 30 | 62 | 38 |
Chance of precipitation in April
Libres gets around 67 mm of rain over 12.7 wet days in April. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 43% and peaks near 52% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 35 |
| 2 | 35 |
| 3 | 35 |
| 4 | 36 |
| 5 | 36 |
| 6 | 36 |
| 7 | 36 |
| 8 | 36 |
| 9 | 37 |
| 10 | 37 |
| 11 | 38 |
| 12 | 38 |
| 13 | 39 |
| 14 | 40 |
| 15 | 41 |
| 16 | 42 |
| 17 | 43 |
| 18 | 44 |
| 19 | 45 |
| 20 | 46 |
| 21 | 47 |
| 22 | 48 |
| 23 | 49 |
| 24 | 49 |
| 25 | 50 |
| 26 | 51 |
| 27 | 51 |
| 28 | 52 |
| 29 | 52 |
| 30 | 52 |
Humidity in April
Most of April feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, April lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in April
Winds average 7 km/h in April.
Across April, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 6 | calm |
| 30 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in April
Daylight runs from about 12 h 12 min at the start of April to 12 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 30 minutes over April. Sunrise moves from 6:30 AM to 6:08 AM, and sunset from 6:40 PM to 6:49 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:20 | 6:19 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:17 | 6:16 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:14 | 6:13 | 6:12 | 6:12 | 6:11 | 6:10 | 6:10 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:49 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.2 | 6:30 | 6:40 |
| 2 | 12.2 | 6:30 | 6:41 |
| 3 | 12.2 | 6:29 | 6:41 |
| 4 | 12.2 | 6:28 | 6:41 |
| 5 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:41 |
| 6 | 12.3 | 6:26 | 6:42 |
| 7 | 12.3 | 6:25 | 6:42 |
| 8 | 12.3 | 6:24 | 6:42 |
| 9 | 12.3 | 6:23 | 6:42 |
| 10 | 12.3 | 6:23 | 6:43 |
| 11 | 12.4 | 6:22 | 6:43 |
| 12 | 12.4 | 6:21 | 6:43 |
| 13 | 12.4 | 6:20 | 6:43 |
| 14 | 12.4 | 6:19 | 6:44 |
| 15 | 12.4 | 6:18 | 6:44 |
| 16 | 12.4 | 6:18 | 6:44 |
| 17 | 12.5 | 6:17 | 6:45 |
| 18 | 12.5 | 6:16 | 6:45 |
| 19 | 12.5 | 6:15 | 6:45 |
| 20 | 12.5 | 6:15 | 6:45 |
| 21 | 12.5 | 6:14 | 6:46 |
| 22 | 12.5 | 6:13 | 6:46 |
| 23 | 12.6 | 6:12 | 6:46 |
| 24 | 12.6 | 6:12 | 6:47 |
| 25 | 12.6 | 6:11 | 6:47 |
| 26 | 12.6 | 6:10 | 6:47 |
| 27 | 12.6 | 6:10 | 6:48 |
| 28 | 12.7 | 6:09 | 6:48 |
| 29 | 12.7 | 6:08 | 6:48 |
| 30 | 12.7 | 6:08 | 6:49 |
Solar energy in April
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in April, about 6.55 kWh/m² — the sunniest month for solar.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.54 kWh/m² to a high of 6.55 kWh/m² in April across the year — April's 6.55 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.6 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Libres
In April, Libres sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Libres's rainy season runs April–October, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is April a good time to visit Libres?
Our two travel scores rate April for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
April is a reasonable time to visit Libres for sightseeing.
What to pack for Libres in April
From April's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In April, Libres sees daytime highs around 22°C and nights near 9°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes and rain gear. About 13 days see rain.
UV index in Libres in April
Clear-sky midday UV in April peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Libres peaks around April 12 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 16 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 9 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 10 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 8 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Very high |
| Feb | 12 | Extreme |
| Mar | 14 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Very high |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 8 | Very high |
Air quality in Libres in April
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where April falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Libres is worst in May — around 69 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 1.9× the cleanest month (October, 38 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 53 | 54 | 56 | 63 | 69 | 48 | 41 | 38 | 39 | 38 | 49 | 59 |
| Level | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 53 | Poor |
| Feb | 54 | Poor |
| Mar | 56 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 63 | Unhealthy |
| May | 69 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 48 | Poor |
| Jul | 41 | Poor |
| Aug | 38 | Poor |
| Sep | 39 | Poor |
| Oct | 38 | Poor |
| Nov | 49 | Poor |
| Dec | 59 | Unhealthy |
Where is Libres?
Libres sits at 19.5°N, 97.7°W, 2,394 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Huamantla, 30 km away.
Topography around Libres
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Libres.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Libres has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 240 m around an average of 2,410 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,299 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,479 m.
The land around Libres is covered by cropland (52%) within 3 km, cropland (40%), trees (21%) and grassland (21%) within 16 km, and trees (43%) and cropland (26%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Libres (19.4657°, -97.6874°, elevation 2,394 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).