San Juan de los Lagos weather in February
In February, San Juan de los Lagos sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 10 mm of rain across 1.6 wet days and about 11.3 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 24°C in the first days to 27°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 64% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 hours at the start of February to 11 h 30 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is San Juan de los Lagos's 2nd-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see San Juan de los Lagos's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 25°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 10 mm
- 1.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 18 min
- 7:26 AM – 6:42 PM
- Cloud cover
- 33%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.96 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.6
- out of 10
San Juan de los Lagos is municipal seat of San Juan, State of Jalisco, Mexico.
- Density
- 56/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1542
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 24°C in the first days to 27°C by the end.
A typical February day in San Juan de los Lagos reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 16°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 9 |
| 2 | 24 | 9 |
| 3 | 24 | 9 |
| 4 | 24 | 9 |
| 5 | 24 | 9 |
| 6 | 24 | 9 |
| 7 | 24 | 9 |
| 8 | 24 | 9 |
| 9 | 25 | 9 |
| 10 | 25 | 9 |
| 11 | 25 | 9 |
| 12 | 25 | 9 |
| 13 | 25 | 9 |
| 14 | 25 | 10 |
| 15 | 25 | 10 |
| 16 | 26 | 10 |
| 17 | 26 | 10 |
| 18 | 26 | 10 |
| 19 | 26 | 10 |
| 20 | 26 | 10 |
| 21 | 26 | 10 |
| 22 | 26 | 10 |
| 23 | 26 | 10 |
| 24 | 27 | 10 |
| 25 | 27 | 10 |
| 26 | 27 | 11 |
| 27 | 27 | 11 |
| 28 | 27 | 11 |
San Juan de los Lagos weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23° / 8° | 16 | 2 | 10.9 | 8.5 |
| Feb | 25° / 10° | 10 | 1.6 | 11.3 | 8.6 |
| Mar | 28° / 12° | 7 | 1.1 | 11.8 | 7.9 |
| Apr | 30° / 14° | 5 | 0.9 | 12.5 | 6.2 |
| May | 31° / 17° | 24 | 5.1 | 13 | 5.1 |
| Jun | 30° / 17° | 115 | 13.8 | 13.3 | 4.8 |
| Jul | 27° / 16° | 153 | 19.8 | 13.2 | 5.2 |
| Aug | 27° / 16° | 137 | 18.2 | 12.7 | 5.4 |
| Sep | 26° / 15° | 111 | 15.2 | 12.1 | 5.7 |
| Oct | 27° / 14° | 40 | 6.7 | 11.5 | 7.3 |
| Nov | 25° / 11° | 10 | 2.2 | 11 | 8.5 |
| Dec | 24° / 9° | 7 | 1.1 | 10.7 | 8.7 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 64% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 11% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 25%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 68 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 72 | 72 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 |
| Cloudier (%) | 32 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 28 | 28 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 68 | 32 |
| 2 | 69 | 31 |
| 3 | 68 | 32 |
| 4 | 68 | 32 |
| 5 | 69 | 31 |
| 6 | 69 | 31 |
| 7 | 70 | 30 |
| 8 | 72 | 28 |
| 9 | 72 | 28 |
| 10 | 74 | 26 |
| 11 | 74 | 26 |
| 12 | 75 | 25 |
| 13 | 76 | 24 |
| 14 | 76 | 24 |
| 15 | 76 | 24 |
| 16 | 77 | 23 |
| 17 | 78 | 22 |
| 18 | 78 | 22 |
| 19 | 78 | 22 |
| 20 | 78 | 22 |
| 21 | 78 | 22 |
| 22 | 78 | 22 |
| 23 | 78 | 22 |
| 24 | 78 | 22 |
| 25 | 78 | 22 |
| 26 | 78 | 22 |
| 27 | 78 | 22 |
| 28 | 78 | 22 |
Chance of precipitation in February
San Juan de los Lagos gets around 10 mm of rain over 1.6 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 5% and peaks near 10% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 10 |
| 2 | 10 |
| 3 | 10 |
| 4 | 10 |
| 5 | 10 |
| 6 | 9 |
| 7 | 9 |
| 8 | 9 |
| 9 | 8 |
| 10 | 7 |
| 11 | 7 |
| 12 | 6 |
| 13 | 6 |
| 14 | 5 |
| 15 | 5 |
| 16 | 4 |
| 17 | 4 |
| 18 | 3 |
| 19 | 3 |
| 20 | 2 |
| 21 | 2 |
| 22 | 2 |
| 23 | 2 |
| 24 | 1 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 1 |
| 27 | 1 |
| 28 | 2 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 10 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 hours at the start of February to 11 h 30 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 30 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:32 AM to 7:17 AM, and sunset from 6:34 PM to 6:48 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:48 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.0 | 7:32 | 6:34 |
| 2 | 11.1 | 7:31 | 6:35 |
| 3 | 11.1 | 7:31 | 6:35 |
| 4 | 11.1 | 7:31 | 6:36 |
| 5 | 11.1 | 7:30 | 6:37 |
| 6 | 11.1 | 7:30 | 6:37 |
| 7 | 11.1 | 7:30 | 6:38 |
| 8 | 11.2 | 7:29 | 6:38 |
| 9 | 11.2 | 7:29 | 6:39 |
| 10 | 11.2 | 7:28 | 6:39 |
| 11 | 11.2 | 7:28 | 6:40 |
| 12 | 11.2 | 7:27 | 6:41 |
| 13 | 11.2 | 7:27 | 6:41 |
| 14 | 11.3 | 7:26 | 6:42 |
| 15 | 11.3 | 7:26 | 6:42 |
| 16 | 11.3 | 7:25 | 6:43 |
| 17 | 11.3 | 7:25 | 6:43 |
| 18 | 11.3 | 7:24 | 6:44 |
| 19 | 11.3 | 7:23 | 6:44 |
| 20 | 11.4 | 7:23 | 6:45 |
| 21 | 11.4 | 7:22 | 6:45 |
| 22 | 11.4 | 7:21 | 6:46 |
| 23 | 11.4 | 7:21 | 6:46 |
| 24 | 11.4 | 7:20 | 6:47 |
| 25 | 11.5 | 7:19 | 6:47 |
| 26 | 11.5 | 7:19 | 6:48 |
| 27 | 11.5 | 7:18 | 6:48 |
| 28 | 11.5 | 7:17 | 6:48 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.96 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.81 kWh/m² to a high of 7.7 kWh/m² in May across the year — February's 5.96 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 14 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 15 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.5 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for San Juan de los Lagos
None of San Juan de los Lagos's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
San Juan de los Lagos's rainy season runs June–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit San Juan de los Lagos?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit San Juan de los Lagos for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for San Juan de los Lagos in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, San Juan de los Lagos sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 10°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in San Juan de los Lagos in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 10 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in San Juan de los Lagos peaks around May 14 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 15 at about 7 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 7 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | Very high |
| Feb | 10 | Extreme |
| Mar | 13 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 8 | Very high |
| Dec | 7 | High |
Air quality in San Juan de los Lagos in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in San Juan de los Lagos is worst in May — around 21 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 18 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 21 | 15 | 16 | 15 | 17 | 14 | 16 | 20 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18 | Moderate |
| Feb | 17 | Moderate |
| Mar | 16 | Moderate |
| Apr | 17 | Moderate |
| May | 21 | Moderate |
| Jun | 15 | Moderate |
| Jul | 16 | Moderate |
| Aug | 15 | Moderate |
| Sep | 17 | Moderate |
| Oct | 14 | Moderate |
| Nov | 16 | Moderate |
| Dec | 20 | Moderate |
Where is San Juan de los Lagos?
San Juan de los Lagos sits at 21.2°N, 102.3°W, 1,749 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Jalostotitlán, 16 km away.
Topography around San Juan de los Lagos
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of San Juan de los Lagos.
Within 3 km, the terrain around San Juan de los Lagos has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 175 m around an average of 1,767 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 356 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,615 m.
The land around San Juan de los Lagos is covered by artificial surfaces (31%), shrubs (24%) and cropland (20%) within 3 km, shrubs (40%) and cropland (40%) within 16 km, and shrubs (42%) and cropland (27%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for San Juan de los Lagos (21.2489°, -102.3304°, elevation 1,749 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).