San Miguel de Allende weather in December
In December, San Miguel de Allende sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 4 mm of rain across 1 wet days and about 10.8 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 56% of the time in December, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 48 min at the start of December to 10 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, December is San Miguel de Allende's 4th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see San Miguel de Allende's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 4 mm
- 1 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 42 min
- 7:17 AM – 6:01 PM
- Cloud cover
- 40%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.75 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.6
- out of 10
San Miguel de Allende is municipal seat of Allende, State of Guanajuato, Mexico.
- Air quality
- Moderate
- PM2.5 12 µg/m³ · 2018
- Founded
- 1542
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in December
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month.
A typical December day in San Miguel de Allende reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 16°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 26°C. Set against its neighbours, December runs about 1°C cooler than November and on par with January.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Avg low (°C) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 8 |
| 2 | 24 | 8 |
| 3 | 24 | 8 |
| 4 | 24 | 8 |
| 5 | 24 | 8 |
| 6 | 24 | 8 |
| 7 | 24 | 8 |
| 8 | 24 | 8 |
| 9 | 23 | 8 |
| 10 | 23 | 8 |
| 11 | 23 | 8 |
| 12 | 23 | 8 |
| 13 | 23 | 8 |
| 14 | 23 | 8 |
| 15 | 23 | 8 |
| 16 | 23 | 7 |
| 17 | 23 | 7 |
| 18 | 23 | 7 |
| 19 | 23 | 7 |
| 20 | 23 | 7 |
| 21 | 23 | 7 |
| 22 | 23 | 7 |
| 23 | 23 | 7 |
| 24 | 23 | 7 |
| 25 | 22 | 7 |
| 26 | 22 | 7 |
| 27 | 22 | 7 |
| 28 | 22 | 7 |
| 29 | 22 | 7 |
| 30 | 22 | 7 |
| 31 | 22 | 7 |
San Miguel de Allende weather by month
How December compares with the rest of the year at a glance. December is the 11th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 22° / 7° | 12 | 2.3 | 10.9 | 8.3 |
| Feb | 25° / 8° | 13 | 2 | 11.3 | 8.6 |
| Mar | 27° / 10° | 12 | 2.2 | 11.9 | 8.0 |
| Apr | 29° / 13° | 15 | 3.7 | 12.5 | 6.3 |
| May | 30° / 14° | 44 | 7.6 | 13 | 5.5 |
| Jun | 28° / 15° | 103 | 12.1 | 13.2 | 5.6 |
| Jul | 26° / 15° | 112 | 14.8 | 13.1 | 5.9 |
| Aug | 26° / 15° | 101 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 6.2 |
| Sep | 25° / 14° | 100 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 6.3 |
| Oct | 25° / 12° | 37 | 6.4 | 11.5 | 7.5 |
| Nov | 24° / 10° | 12 | 2.3 | 11 | 8.6 |
| Dec | 23° / 8° | 4 | 1 | 10.8 | 8.6 |
Cloud cover in December
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 56% of the time in December.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of December, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 31%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 78 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 71 | 71 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 64 |
| Cloudier (%) | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 78 | 22 |
| 2 | 77 | 23 |
| 3 | 77 | 23 |
| 4 | 77 | 23 |
| 5 | 75 | 25 |
| 6 | 75 | 25 |
| 7 | 74 | 26 |
| 8 | 74 | 26 |
| 9 | 73 | 27 |
| 10 | 71 | 29 |
| 11 | 71 | 29 |
| 12 | 70 | 30 |
| 13 | 70 | 30 |
| 14 | 69 | 31 |
| 15 | 69 | 31 |
| 16 | 68 | 32 |
| 17 | 68 | 32 |
| 18 | 68 | 32 |
| 19 | 67 | 33 |
| 20 | 67 | 33 |
| 21 | 65 | 35 |
| 22 | 65 | 35 |
| 23 | 64 | 36 |
| 24 | 64 | 36 |
| 25 | 64 | 36 |
| 26 | 63 | 37 |
| 27 | 63 | 37 |
| 28 | 63 | 37 |
| 29 | 63 | 37 |
| 30 | 64 | 36 |
| 31 | 64 | 36 |
Chance of precipitation in December
San Miguel de Allende gets around 4 mm of rain over 1 wet days in December, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 3% and peaks near 5% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 3 |
| 2 | 3 |
| 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 2 |
| 5 | 2 |
| 6 | 2 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 8 | 2 |
| 9 | 2 |
| 10 | 3 |
| 11 | 3 |
| 12 | 3 |
| 13 | 3 |
| 14 | 3 |
| 15 | 3 |
| 16 | 3 |
| 17 | 3 |
| 18 | 3 |
| 19 | 4 |
| 20 | 4 |
| 21 | 4 |
| 22 | 4 |
| 23 | 4 |
| 24 | 4 |
| 25 | 5 |
| 26 | 5 |
| 27 | 5 |
| 28 | 5 |
| 29 | 5 |
| 30 | 5 |
| 31 | 5 |
Humidity in December
Most of December feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, December lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in December
Winds average 8 km/h in December.
Across December, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
| 31 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in December
Daylight runs from about 10 h 48 min at the start of December to 10 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over December. Sunrise moves from 7:08 AM to 7:24 AM, and sunset from 5:57 PM to 6:08 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:08 | 7:09 | 7:09 | 7:10 | 7:11 | 7:11 | 7:12 | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:14 | 7:14 | 7:15 | 7:15 | 7:16 | 7:17 | 7:17 | 7:18 | 7:18 | 7:19 | 7:19 | 7:20 | 7:20 | 7:21 | 7:21 | 7:21 | 7:22 | 7:22 | 7:23 | 7:23 | 7:23 | 7:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:08 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.8 | 7:08 | 5:57 |
| 2 | 10.8 | 7:09 | 5:57 |
| 3 | 10.8 | 7:09 | 5:58 |
| 4 | 10.8 | 7:10 | 5:58 |
| 5 | 10.8 | 7:11 | 5:58 |
| 6 | 10.8 | 7:11 | 5:58 |
| 7 | 10.8 | 7:12 | 5:58 |
| 8 | 10.8 | 7:12 | 5:59 |
| 9 | 10.8 | 7:13 | 5:59 |
| 10 | 10.8 | 7:14 | 5:59 |
| 11 | 10.8 | 7:14 | 5:59 |
| 12 | 10.7 | 7:15 | 6:00 |
| 13 | 10.7 | 7:15 | 6:00 |
| 14 | 10.7 | 7:16 | 6:00 |
| 15 | 10.7 | 7:17 | 6:01 |
| 16 | 10.7 | 7:17 | 6:01 |
| 17 | 10.7 | 7:18 | 6:02 |
| 18 | 10.7 | 7:18 | 6:02 |
| 19 | 10.7 | 7:19 | 6:02 |
| 20 | 10.7 | 7:19 | 6:03 |
| 21 | 10.7 | 7:20 | 6:03 |
| 22 | 10.7 | 7:20 | 6:04 |
| 23 | 10.7 | 7:21 | 6:04 |
| 24 | 10.7 | 7:21 | 6:05 |
| 25 | 10.7 | 7:21 | 6:05 |
| 26 | 10.7 | 7:22 | 6:06 |
| 27 | 10.7 | 7:22 | 6:06 |
| 28 | 10.7 | 7:23 | 6:07 |
| 29 | 10.7 | 7:23 | 6:07 |
| 30 | 10.7 | 7:23 | 6:08 |
| 31 | 10.7 | 7:24 | 6:08 |
Solar energy in December
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in December, about 4.75 kWh/m² — the year's lowest.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.75 kWh/m² to a high of 7.44 kWh/m² in April across the year — December's 4.75 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 31 | 4.8 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for San Miguel de Allende
None of San Miguel de Allende's seasonal hazards are active in December. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
San Miguel de Allende's rainy season runs June–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is December a good time to visit San Miguel de Allende?
Our two travel scores rate December for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
December is one of the better times to visit San Miguel de Allende for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for San Miguel de Allende in December
From December's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In December, San Miguel de Allende sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: light clothes, a warm layer and sun protection.
UV index in San Miguel de Allende in December
Clear-sky midday UV in December peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in San Miguel de Allende peaks around June 13 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 15 at about 7 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 8 | 10 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 7 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | Very high |
| Feb | 10 | Extreme |
| Mar | 13 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 8 | Very high |
| Dec | 7 | Very high |
Where is San Miguel de Allende?
San Miguel de Allende sits at 20.9°N, 100.7°W, 1,917 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Comonfort, 22 km away.
Topography around San Miguel de Allende
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of San Miguel de Allende.
Within 3 km, the terrain around San Miguel de Allende has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 296 m around an average of 1,958 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 997 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,147 m.
The land around San Miguel de Allende is covered by artificial surfaces (42%) and shrubs (35%) within 3 km, shrubs (54%) and cropland (21%) within 16 km, and shrubs (47%) and cropland (28%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for San Miguel de Allende (20.9153°, -100.7439°, elevation 1,917 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).