San Rafael weather in September
In September, San Rafael sees average daytime highs of 19°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 274 mm of rain across 24.7 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 4th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 24 min at the start of September to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is San Rafael's 12th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see San Rafael's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 19°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 274 mm
- 24.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:26 AM – 6:33 PM
- Cloud cover
- 81%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.1 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.8
- out of 10
San Rafael is town in Tlalmanalco municipality, State of Mexico, Mexico.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month.
A typical September day in San Rafael reaches about 19°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 17°C and 21°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs on par with August and on par with October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 9 |
| 2 | 19 | 9 |
| 3 | 19 | 9 |
| 4 | 19 | 9 |
| 5 | 19 | 9 |
| 6 | 19 | 9 |
| 7 | 19 | 9 |
| 8 | 19 | 9 |
| 9 | 19 | 9 |
| 10 | 19 | 9 |
| 11 | 19 | 9 |
| 12 | 19 | 9 |
| 13 | 19 | 9 |
| 14 | 19 | 9 |
| 15 | 19 | 9 |
| 16 | 19 | 9 |
| 17 | 19 | 9 |
| 18 | 19 | 9 |
| 19 | 19 | 9 |
| 20 | 19 | 9 |
| 21 | 19 | 9 |
| 22 | 19 | 9 |
| 23 | 19 | 9 |
| 24 | 19 | 9 |
| 25 | 19 | 9 |
| 26 | 19 | 9 |
| 27 | 19 | 9 |
| 28 | 19 | 9 |
| 29 | 19 | 9 |
| 30 | 19 | 8 |
San Rafael weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 8th-warmest and 4th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17° / 4° | 28 | 5.3 | 11 | 6.5 |
| Feb | 19° / 5° | 28 | 5.9 | 11.3 | 7.0 |
| Mar | 20° / 6° | 53 | 9.8 | 11.9 | 6.7 |
| Apr | 21° / 7° | 97 | 13.9 | 12.4 | 6.0 |
| May | 21° / 8° | 166 | 19.1 | 12.9 | 5.2 |
| Jun | 20° / 9° | 274 | 23.3 | 13.1 | 4.2 |
| Jul | 19° / 9° | 276 | 26.7 | 13 | 3.7 |
| Aug | 19° / 9° | 286 | 26.8 | 12.7 | 3.7 |
| Sep | 19° / 9° | 274 | 24.7 | 12.1 | 3.8 |
| Oct | 19° / 7° | 135 | 16 | 11.6 | 5.2 |
| Nov | 18° / 5° | 49 | 8.2 | 11.1 | 6.4 |
| Dec | 18° / 4° | 19 | 3.9 | 10.9 | 6.8 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 4% of the time in September, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 83%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 |
| Cloudier (%) | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 79 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15 | 85 |
| 2 | 15 | 85 |
| 3 | 14 | 86 |
| 4 | 14 | 86 |
| 5 | 14 | 86 |
| 6 | 15 | 85 |
| 7 | 15 | 85 |
| 8 | 15 | 85 |
| 9 | 15 | 85 |
| 10 | 16 | 84 |
| 11 | 16 | 84 |
| 12 | 16 | 84 |
| 13 | 16 | 84 |
| 14 | 17 | 83 |
| 15 | 17 | 83 |
| 16 | 17 | 83 |
| 17 | 17 | 83 |
| 18 | 16 | 84 |
| 19 | 17 | 83 |
| 20 | 17 | 83 |
| 21 | 17 | 83 |
| 22 | 17 | 83 |
| 23 | 17 | 83 |
| 24 | 18 | 82 |
| 25 | 18 | 82 |
| 26 | 19 | 81 |
| 27 | 19 | 81 |
| 28 | 20 | 80 |
| 29 | 20 | 80 |
| 30 | 21 | 79 |
Chance of precipitation in September
San Rafael gets around 274 mm of rain over 24.7 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 81% and peaks near 86% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 77 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 72 | 71 | 70 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 86 |
| 2 | 86 |
| 3 | 86 |
| 4 | 86 |
| 5 | 86 |
| 6 | 86 |
| 7 | 86 |
| 8 | 86 |
| 9 | 86 |
| 10 | 86 |
| 11 | 85 |
| 12 | 85 |
| 13 | 85 |
| 14 | 84 |
| 15 | 84 |
| 16 | 83 |
| 17 | 83 |
| 18 | 82 |
| 19 | 81 |
| 20 | 81 |
| 21 | 80 |
| 22 | 79 |
| 23 | 78 |
| 24 | 77 |
| 25 | 75 |
| 26 | 74 |
| 27 | 73 |
| 28 | 72 |
| 29 | 71 |
| 30 | 70 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 5 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
| 29 | 5 | calm |
| 30 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 h 24 min at the start of September to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 36 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:23 AM to 6:29 AM, and sunset from 6:46 PM to 6:20 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:23 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:20 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.4 | 6:23 | 6:46 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 6:23 | 6:45 |
| 3 | 12.3 | 6:24 | 6:44 |
| 4 | 12.3 | 6:24 | 6:44 |
| 5 | 12.3 | 6:24 | 6:43 |
| 6 | 12.3 | 6:24 | 6:42 |
| 7 | 12.3 | 6:24 | 6:41 |
| 8 | 12.3 | 6:25 | 6:40 |
| 9 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:39 |
| 10 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:38 |
| 11 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:37 |
| 12 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:36 |
| 13 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:35 |
| 14 | 12.1 | 6:26 | 6:34 |
| 15 | 12.1 | 6:26 | 6:34 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:26 | 6:33 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:26 | 6:32 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:26 | 6:31 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:30 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:29 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:28 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:27 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:26 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:28 | 6:25 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 6:28 | 6:24 |
| 26 | 11.9 | 6:28 | 6:23 |
| 27 | 11.9 | 6:28 | 6:22 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:29 | 6:21 |
| 29 | 11.9 | 6:29 | 6:21 |
| 30 | 11.8 | 6:29 | 6:20 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5.1 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.02 kWh/m² to a high of 6.88 kWh/m² in April across the year — September's 5.1 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.0 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for San Rafael
In September, San Rafael sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
San Rafael's monsoon runs May–October, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit San Rafael?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in San Rafael.
What to pack for San Rafael in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, San Rafael sees daytime highs around 19°C and nights near 9°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 25 days see rain.
UV index in San Rafael in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in San Rafael peaks around April 10 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 14 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 9 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 8 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Very high |
| Feb | 12 | Extreme |
| Mar | 14 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 8 | Very high |
Air quality in San Rafael in September
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in San Rafael is worst in December — around 179 µg/m³ PM2.5 (very unhealthy), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 149 | 141 | 126 | 113 | 134 | 126 | 135 | 127 | 136 | 137 | 174 | 179 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Very unhealthy | Very unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 149 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 141 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 126 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 113 | Unhealthy |
| May | 134 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 126 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 135 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 127 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 136 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 137 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 174 | Very unhealthy |
| Dec | 179 | Very unhealthy |
Where is San Rafael?
San Rafael sits at 19.2°N, 98.8°W, 2,552 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Amecameca, 10 km away.
Topography around San Rafael
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of San Rafael.
Within 3 km, the terrain around San Rafael has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 787 m around an average of 2,666 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,970 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,520 m.
The land around San Rafael is covered by trees (73%) within 3 km, trees (48%) and cropland (25%) within 16 km, and trees (32%) and cropland (28%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for San Rafael (19.2096°, -98.7564°, elevation 2,552 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).