Santiago weather in February
In February, Santiago sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 84 mm of rain across 10.1 wet days and about 11.1 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 18°C in the first days to 21°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 45% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 48 min at the start of February to 11 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Santiago's 8th-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Santiago's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 84 mm
- 10.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 06 min
- 7:22 AM – 6:29 PM
- Cloud cover
- 48%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 6th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.75 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.3
- out of 10
Santiago is municipal seat of Santiago, State of Nuevo León, Mexico.
- Founded
- 1648
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 18°C in the first days to 21°C by the end.
A typical February day in Santiago reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 26°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 2°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 7 |
| 2 | 18 | 7 |
| 3 | 18 | 7 |
| 4 | 18 | 7 |
| 5 | 18 | 7 |
| 6 | 18 | 7 |
| 7 | 18 | 7 |
| 8 | 19 | 8 |
| 9 | 19 | 8 |
| 10 | 19 | 8 |
| 11 | 19 | 8 |
| 12 | 19 | 8 |
| 13 | 19 | 8 |
| 14 | 20 | 8 |
| 15 | 20 | 8 |
| 16 | 20 | 8 |
| 17 | 20 | 9 |
| 18 | 20 | 9 |
| 19 | 20 | 9 |
| 20 | 20 | 9 |
| 21 | 20 | 9 |
| 22 | 21 | 9 |
| 23 | 21 | 9 |
| 24 | 21 | 9 |
| 25 | 21 | 9 |
| 26 | 21 | 9 |
| 27 | 21 | 9 |
| 28 | 21 | 9 |
Santiago weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17° / 7° | 60 | 9.3 | 10.6 | 5.9 |
| Feb | 20° / 8° | 84 | 10.1 | 11.1 | 6.3 |
| Mar | 22° / 11° | 131 | 14.2 | 11.8 | 6.2 |
| Apr | 25° / 14° | 172 | 15.6 | 12.6 | 6.1 |
| May | 27° / 16° | 158 | 16 | 13.2 | 5.9 |
| Jun | 28° / 18° | 87 | 11 | 13.6 | 6.0 |
| Jul | 29° / 18° | 88 | 10.4 | 13.4 | 5.8 |
| Aug | 29° / 18° | 68 | 10.4 | 12.9 | 5.9 |
| Sep | 26° / 17° | 191 | 16.2 | 12.2 | 5.8 |
| Oct | 24° / 14° | 107 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 7.0 |
| Nov | 20° / 10° | 66 | 9.2 | 10.8 | 6.7 |
| Dec | 18° / 7° | 47 | 7.1 | 10.4 | 6.3 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 45% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 41%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 53 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 58 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 62 |
| Cloudier (%) | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 38 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 53 | 47 |
| 2 | 53 | 47 |
| 3 | 53 | 47 |
| 4 | 54 | 46 |
| 5 | 55 | 45 |
| 6 | 55 | 45 |
| 7 | 57 | 43 |
| 8 | 57 | 43 |
| 9 | 57 | 43 |
| 10 | 58 | 42 |
| 11 | 58 | 42 |
| 12 | 59 | 41 |
| 13 | 59 | 41 |
| 14 | 59 | 41 |
| 15 | 60 | 40 |
| 16 | 59 | 41 |
| 17 | 59 | 41 |
| 18 | 60 | 40 |
| 19 | 60 | 40 |
| 20 | 61 | 39 |
| 21 | 61 | 39 |
| 22 | 61 | 39 |
| 23 | 62 | 38 |
| 24 | 62 | 38 |
| 25 | 62 | 38 |
| 26 | 62 | 38 |
| 27 | 63 | 37 |
| 28 | 62 | 38 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Santiago gets around 84 mm of rain over 10.1 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 36% and peaks near 38% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 38 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 37 |
| 2 | 37 |
| 3 | 37 |
| 4 | 37 |
| 5 | 37 |
| 6 | 37 |
| 7 | 36 |
| 8 | 36 |
| 9 | 35 |
| 10 | 35 |
| 11 | 35 |
| 12 | 35 |
| 13 | 34 |
| 14 | 34 |
| 15 | 35 |
| 16 | 35 |
| 17 | 35 |
| 18 | 35 |
| 19 | 35 |
| 20 | 36 |
| 21 | 36 |
| 22 | 36 |
| 23 | 36 |
| 24 | 36 |
| 25 | 37 |
| 26 | 37 |
| 27 | 37 |
| 28 | 38 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 89% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 86 | 86 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 80 |
| Comfortable (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
| Humid (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 96 | 4 | 0 |
| 2 | 96 | 4 | 0 |
| 3 | 96 | 4 | 0 |
| 4 | 95 | 5 | 0 |
| 5 | 95 | 5 | 0 |
| 6 | 94 | 6 | 0 |
| 7 | 94 | 6 | 0 |
| 8 | 93 | 7 | 0 |
| 9 | 93 | 7 | 0 |
| 10 | 92 | 8 | 0 |
| 11 | 92 | 8 | 0 |
| 12 | 91 | 9 | 0 |
| 13 | 90 | 10 | 0 |
| 14 | 90 | 10 | 0 |
| 15 | 89 | 11 | 0 |
| 16 | 88 | 12 | 0 |
| 17 | 88 | 12 | 0 |
| 18 | 87 | 13 | 0 |
| 19 | 86 | 14 | 0 |
| 20 | 86 | 14 | 0 |
| 21 | 84 | 15 | 1 |
| 22 | 84 | 15 | 1 |
| 23 | 83 | 16 | 1 |
| 24 | 83 | 16 | 1 |
| 25 | 82 | 17 | 1 |
| 26 | 82 | 17 | 1 |
| 27 | 81 | 18 | 1 |
| 28 | 80 | 19 | 1 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 48 min at the start of February to 11 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 36 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:29 AM to 7:12 AM, and sunset from 6:19 PM to 6:36 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:12 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:36 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.8 | 7:29 | 6:19 |
| 2 | 10.8 | 7:29 | 6:20 |
| 3 | 10.9 | 7:29 | 6:20 |
| 4 | 10.9 | 7:28 | 6:21 |
| 5 | 10.9 | 7:28 | 6:22 |
| 6 | 10.9 | 7:27 | 6:22 |
| 7 | 10.9 | 7:27 | 6:23 |
| 8 | 11.0 | 7:26 | 6:24 |
| 9 | 11.0 | 7:26 | 6:25 |
| 10 | 11.0 | 7:25 | 6:25 |
| 11 | 11.0 | 7:24 | 6:26 |
| 12 | 11.0 | 7:24 | 6:27 |
| 13 | 11.1 | 7:23 | 6:27 |
| 14 | 11.1 | 7:22 | 6:28 |
| 15 | 11.1 | 7:22 | 6:29 |
| 16 | 11.1 | 7:21 | 6:29 |
| 17 | 11.2 | 7:20 | 6:30 |
| 18 | 11.2 | 7:20 | 6:31 |
| 19 | 11.2 | 7:19 | 6:31 |
| 20 | 11.2 | 7:18 | 6:32 |
| 21 | 11.2 | 7:17 | 6:32 |
| 22 | 11.3 | 7:17 | 6:33 |
| 23 | 11.3 | 7:16 | 6:34 |
| 24 | 11.3 | 7:15 | 6:34 |
| 25 | 11.3 | 7:14 | 6:35 |
| 26 | 11.4 | 7:13 | 6:35 |
| 27 | 11.4 | 7:12 | 6:36 |
| 28 | 11.4 | 7:12 | 6:36 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.75 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.73 kWh/m² to a high of 6.76 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 4.75 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.2 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.3 | Bright |
Is February a good time to visit Santiago?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Santiago for sightseeing.
What to pack for Santiago in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Santiago sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: rain gear and sun protection. About 10 days see rain.
UV index in Santiago in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Santiago peaks around June 21 at about 11 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 5 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
| Level | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5 | High |
| Feb | 7 | Very high |
| Mar | 9 | Very high |
| Apr | 11 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 9 | Very high |
| Oct | 8 | Very high |
| Nov | 6 | High |
| Dec | 5 | Moderate |
Air quality in Santiago in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Santiago is worst in December — around 24 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 23 | 21 | 24 | 21 | 22 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 24 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 23 | Moderate |
| Feb | 21 | Moderate |
| Mar | 24 | Moderate |
| Apr | 21 | Moderate |
| May | 22 | Moderate |
| Jun | 20 | Moderate |
| Jul | 19 | Moderate |
| Aug | 18 | Moderate |
| Sep | 20 | Moderate |
| Oct | 20 | Moderate |
| Nov | 22 | Moderate |
| Dec | 24 | Moderate |
Where is Santiago?
Santiago sits at 25.4°N, 100.2°W, 486 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Ciudad de Allende, 21 km away.
Topography around Santiago
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Santiago.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Santiago has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 452 m around an average of 513 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,598 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,555 m.
The land around Santiago is covered by trees (68%) within 3 km, trees (81%) within 16 km, and shrubs (47%) and trees (36%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Santiago (25.426°, -100.154°, elevation 486 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).