Toluca weather in November
In November, Toluca sees average daytime highs of 19°C and overnight lows near 5°C, with 35 mm of rain across 6.4 wet days and about 11.1 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 43% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 18 min at the start of November to 10 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Toluca's 5th-clearest and 6th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Toluca's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 19°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 5°
- 4th coldest
- Rainfall
- 35 mm
- 6.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 06 min
- 6:52 AM – 5:56 PM
- Cloud cover
- 46%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 6th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.01 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.7
- out of 10
Toluca is capital of the State of Mexico, Mexico.
- Air quality
- High
- PM2.5 33.3 µg/m³ · 2011
- Density
- 16,426/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1527
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 19°C through the month.
A typical November day in Toluca reaches about 19°C in the afternoon and slips back to 5°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 16°C and 21°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs on par with October and about 1°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg low (°C) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 6 |
| 2 | 19 | 6 |
| 3 | 19 | 6 |
| 4 | 19 | 6 |
| 5 | 19 | 6 |
| 6 | 19 | 6 |
| 7 | 19 | 6 |
| 8 | 19 | 6 |
| 9 | 19 | 6 |
| 10 | 19 | 6 |
| 11 | 19 | 6 |
| 12 | 19 | 6 |
| 13 | 19 | 6 |
| 14 | 19 | 5 |
| 15 | 18 | 5 |
| 16 | 18 | 5 |
| 17 | 18 | 5 |
| 18 | 18 | 5 |
| 19 | 18 | 5 |
| 20 | 18 | 5 |
| 21 | 18 | 5 |
| 22 | 18 | 5 |
| 23 | 18 | 5 |
| 24 | 18 | 5 |
| 25 | 18 | 5 |
| 26 | 18 | 5 |
| 27 | 18 | 5 |
| 28 | 18 | 5 |
| 29 | 18 | 4 |
| 30 | 18 | 4 |
Toluca weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17° / 4° | 27 | 4.9 | 11 | 6.5 |
| Feb | 19° / 5° | 25 | 5.1 | 11.3 | 7.2 |
| Mar | 20° / 6° | 29 | 6.6 | 11.9 | 7.3 |
| Apr | 22° / 8° | 47 | 8.5 | 12.4 | 7.0 |
| May | 22° / 9° | 113 | 16.2 | 12.9 | 5.8 |
| Jun | 21° / 9° | 204 | 21.6 | 13.1 | 4.5 |
| Jul | 19° / 9° | 257 | 27.1 | 13 | 3.7 |
| Aug | 19° / 9° | 242 | 26.3 | 12.7 | 3.7 |
| Sep | 19° / 9° | 204 | 23 | 12.1 | 4.1 |
| Oct | 19° / 8° | 95 | 14.2 | 11.6 | 5.4 |
| Nov | 19° / 5° | 35 | 6.4 | 11.1 | 6.7 |
| Dec | 18° / 4° | 15 | 3.1 | 10.9 | 6.9 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 43% of the time in November.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 23% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 34%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 56 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 62 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 |
| Cloudier (%) | 44 | 44 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 24 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 56 | 44 |
| 2 | 56 | 44 |
| 3 | 57 | 43 |
| 4 | 58 | 42 |
| 5 | 59 | 41 |
| 6 | 59 | 41 |
| 7 | 60 | 40 |
| 8 | 61 | 39 |
| 9 | 62 | 38 |
| 10 | 62 | 38 |
| 11 | 63 | 37 |
| 12 | 63 | 37 |
| 13 | 64 | 36 |
| 14 | 65 | 35 |
| 15 | 65 | 35 |
| 16 | 66 | 34 |
| 17 | 66 | 34 |
| 18 | 67 | 33 |
| 19 | 67 | 33 |
| 20 | 69 | 31 |
| 21 | 69 | 31 |
| 22 | 70 | 30 |
| 23 | 71 | 29 |
| 24 | 71 | 29 |
| 25 | 73 | 27 |
| 26 | 74 | 26 |
| 27 | 74 | 26 |
| 28 | 75 | 25 |
| 29 | 76 | 24 |
| 30 | 76 | 24 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Toluca gets around 35 mm of rain over 6.4 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 22% and peaks near 30% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 30 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 30 |
| 2 | 29 |
| 3 | 28 |
| 4 | 28 |
| 5 | 27 |
| 6 | 26 |
| 7 | 26 |
| 8 | 25 |
| 9 | 25 |
| 10 | 24 |
| 11 | 24 |
| 12 | 23 |
| 13 | 23 |
| 14 | 23 |
| 15 | 22 |
| 16 | 22 |
| 17 | 22 |
| 18 | 21 |
| 19 | 20 |
| 20 | 20 |
| 21 | 19 |
| 22 | 18 |
| 23 | 18 |
| 24 | 17 |
| 25 | 16 |
| 26 | 15 |
| 27 | 15 |
| 28 | 14 |
| 29 | 13 |
| 30 | 13 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 6 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 6 | calm |
| 30 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 11 h 18 min at the start of November to 10 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 24 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 6:44 AM to 7:00 AM, and sunset from 6:01 PM to 5:56 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:48 | 6:48 | 6:49 | 6:49 | 6:50 | 6:51 | 6:51 | 6:52 | 6:52 | 6:53 | 6:53 | 6:54 | 6:55 | 6:55 | 6:56 | 6:56 | 6:57 | 6:58 | 6:58 | 6:59 | 7:00 | 7:00 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:01 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:56 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.3 | 6:44 | 6:01 |
| 2 | 11.3 | 6:44 | 6:00 |
| 3 | 11.3 | 6:45 | 6:00 |
| 4 | 11.2 | 6:45 | 5:59 |
| 5 | 11.2 | 6:46 | 5:59 |
| 6 | 11.2 | 6:46 | 5:59 |
| 7 | 11.2 | 6:47 | 5:58 |
| 8 | 11.2 | 6:47 | 5:58 |
| 9 | 11.2 | 6:48 | 5:58 |
| 10 | 11.2 | 6:48 | 5:57 |
| 11 | 11.1 | 6:49 | 5:57 |
| 12 | 11.1 | 6:49 | 5:57 |
| 13 | 11.1 | 6:50 | 5:57 |
| 14 | 11.1 | 6:51 | 5:56 |
| 15 | 11.1 | 6:51 | 5:56 |
| 16 | 11.1 | 6:52 | 5:56 |
| 17 | 11.1 | 6:52 | 5:56 |
| 18 | 11.0 | 6:53 | 5:56 |
| 19 | 11.0 | 6:53 | 5:56 |
| 20 | 11.0 | 6:54 | 5:56 |
| 21 | 11.0 | 6:55 | 5:56 |
| 22 | 11.0 | 6:55 | 5:55 |
| 23 | 11.0 | 6:56 | 5:55 |
| 24 | 11.0 | 6:56 | 5:55 |
| 25 | 11.0 | 6:57 | 5:55 |
| 26 | 11.0 | 6:58 | 5:56 |
| 27 | 11.0 | 6:58 | 5:56 |
| 28 | 10.9 | 6:59 | 5:56 |
| 29 | 10.9 | 7:00 | 5:56 |
| 30 | 10.9 | 7:00 | 5:56 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 5.01 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.96 kWh/m² to a high of 7.27 kWh/m² in April across the year — November's 5.01 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.0 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Toluca
None of Toluca's seasonal hazards are active in November. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Toluca's monsoon runs June–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is November a good time to visit Toluca?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a reasonable time to visit Toluca for sightseeing.
What to pack for Toluca in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Toluca sees daytime highs around 19°C and nights near 5°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and sun protection. About 6 days see rain.
UV index in Toluca in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 9 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Toluca peaks around March 23 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 14 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 10 | 12 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 15 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 8 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Very high |
| Feb | 12 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 15 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 8 | Very high |
Air quality in Toluca in November
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where November falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Toluca is worst in December — around 40 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Seasonal pattern from CAMS reanalysis, scaled to Toluca's WHO annual average of 33.3 µg/m³.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 34 | 32 | 28 | 27 | 29 | 30 | 35 | 33 | 36 | 34 | 40 | 40 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Poor | Moderate | Poor | Moderate | Poor | Poor |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 34 | Moderate |
| Feb | 32 | Moderate |
| Mar | 28 | Moderate |
| Apr | 27 | Moderate |
| May | 29 | Moderate |
| Jun | 30 | Moderate |
| Jul | 35 | Poor |
| Aug | 33 | Moderate |
| Sep | 36 | Poor |
| Oct | 34 | Moderate |
| Nov | 40 | Poor |
| Dec | 40 | Poor |
Where is Toluca?
Toluca sits at 19.3°N, 99.7°W, 2,671 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is San Francisco Cuaxusco, 4.0 km away.
Topography around Toluca
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Toluca.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Toluca has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 408 m around an average of 2,678 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 862 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,883 m.
The land around Toluca is covered by artificial surfaces (84%) within 3 km, cropland (42%) and artificial surfaces (32%) within 16 km, and trees (45%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Toluca (19.2879°, -99.6532°, elevation 2,671 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).