Víctor Rosales weather in July
In July, Víctor Rosales sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 14°C, with 126 mm of rain across 13.9 wet days and about 13.3 hours of daylight. It is the 4th-warmest and 1st-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in July, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 h 24 min at the start of July to 13 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Víctor Rosales's 11th-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Víctor Rosales's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 25°
- 4th warmest
- Overnight low
- 14°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 126 mm
- 13.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 h 18 min
- 6:18 AM – 7:35 PM
- Cloud cover
- 57%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.83 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.3
- out of 10
Temperature in July
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month.
A typical July day in Víctor Rosales reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 14°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, July runs about 2°C cooler than June and on par with August.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 14 |
| 2 | 25 | 14 |
| 3 | 25 | 14 |
| 4 | 25 | 14 |
| 5 | 25 | 14 |
| 6 | 25 | 14 |
| 7 | 25 | 14 |
| 8 | 25 | 14 |
| 9 | 25 | 14 |
| 10 | 25 | 14 |
| 11 | 25 | 14 |
| 12 | 25 | 14 |
| 13 | 25 | 14 |
| 14 | 25 | 14 |
| 15 | 25 | 14 |
| 16 | 25 | 13 |
| 17 | 25 | 13 |
| 18 | 25 | 13 |
| 19 | 25 | 13 |
| 20 | 25 | 13 |
| 21 | 25 | 13 |
| 22 | 25 | 13 |
| 23 | 25 | 13 |
| 24 | 25 | 13 |
| 25 | 25 | 13 |
| 26 | 25 | 13 |
| 27 | 25 | 13 |
| 28 | 25 | 13 |
| 29 | 25 | 13 |
| 30 | 25 | 13 |
| 31 | 25 | 13 |
Víctor Rosales weather by month
How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 4th-warmest and 1st-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19° / 5° | 17 | 2.7 | 10.7 | 7.5 |
| Feb | 21° / 6° | 12 | 1.8 | 11.2 | 8.1 |
| Mar | 24° / 8° | 8 | 1.6 | 11.8 | 8.6 |
| Apr | 26° / 10° | 9 | 2.4 | 12.5 | 8.0 |
| May | 28° / 13° | 24 | 5.2 | 13.1 | 7.1 |
| Jun | 27° / 14° | 86 | 11.1 | 13.4 | 6.4 |
| Jul | 25° / 14° | 126 | 13.9 | 13.3 | 6.3 |
| Aug | 25° / 13° | 102 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 6.5 |
| Sep | 24° / 13° | 108 | 14 | 12.1 | 6.3 |
| Oct | 23° / 10° | 37 | 6.1 | 11.5 | 7.7 |
| Nov | 22° / 7° | 14 | 2.3 | 10.9 | 8.2 |
| Dec | 20° / 5° | 8 | 1.7 | 10.6 | 7.7 |
Cloud cover in July
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in July.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 22% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 46%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 49 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 58 | 59 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 62 |
| Cloudier (%) | 51 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 38 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 49 | 51 |
| 2 | 48 | 52 |
| 3 | 48 | 52 |
| 4 | 49 | 51 |
| 5 | 48 | 52 |
| 6 | 48 | 52 |
| 7 | 48 | 52 |
| 8 | 49 | 51 |
| 9 | 49 | 51 |
| 10 | 51 | 49 |
| 11 | 51 | 49 |
| 12 | 52 | 48 |
| 13 | 53 | 47 |
| 14 | 53 | 47 |
| 15 | 55 | 45 |
| 16 | 55 | 45 |
| 17 | 55 | 45 |
| 18 | 56 | 44 |
| 19 | 56 | 44 |
| 20 | 56 | 44 |
| 21 | 56 | 44 |
| 22 | 57 | 43 |
| 23 | 57 | 43 |
| 24 | 58 | 42 |
| 25 | 58 | 42 |
| 26 | 59 | 41 |
| 27 | 60 | 40 |
| 28 | 60 | 40 |
| 29 | 61 | 39 |
| 30 | 62 | 38 |
| 31 | 62 | 38 |
Chance of precipitation in July
Víctor Rosales gets around 126 mm of rain over 13.9 wet days in July, the wettest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 43% and peaks near 49% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 38 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 48 |
| 2 | 49 |
| 3 | 49 |
| 4 | 49 |
| 5 | 49 |
| 6 | 49 |
| 7 | 48 |
| 8 | 48 |
| 9 | 47 |
| 10 | 46 |
| 11 | 45 |
| 12 | 45 |
| 13 | 44 |
| 14 | 43 |
| 15 | 43 |
| 16 | 42 |
| 17 | 42 |
| 18 | 42 |
| 19 | 41 |
| 20 | 41 |
| 21 | 41 |
| 22 | 41 |
| 23 | 41 |
| 24 | 41 |
| 25 | 40 |
| 26 | 40 |
| 27 | 39 |
| 28 | 39 |
| 29 | 38 |
| 30 | 38 |
| 31 | 38 |
Humidity in July
Most of July feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, July lands in the dry band about 77% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 |
| Comfortable (%) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 73 | 27 |
| 2 | 73 | 27 |
| 3 | 73 | 27 |
| 4 | 73 | 27 |
| 5 | 73 | 27 |
| 6 | 73 | 27 |
| 7 | 74 | 26 |
| 8 | 75 | 25 |
| 9 | 75 | 25 |
| 10 | 76 | 24 |
| 11 | 77 | 23 |
| 12 | 77 | 23 |
| 13 | 78 | 22 |
| 14 | 78 | 22 |
| 15 | 78 | 22 |
| 16 | 79 | 21 |
| 17 | 79 | 21 |
| 18 | 79 | 21 |
| 19 | 79 | 21 |
| 20 | 79 | 21 |
| 21 | 78 | 22 |
| 22 | 78 | 22 |
| 23 | 78 | 22 |
| 24 | 78 | 22 |
| 25 | 78 | 22 |
| 26 | 78 | 22 |
| 27 | 78 | 22 |
| 28 | 78 | 22 |
| 29 | 79 | 21 |
| 30 | 79 | 21 |
| 31 | 79 | 21 |
Wind in July
Winds average 10 km/h in July.
Across July, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
| 29 | 10 | calm |
| 30 | 10 | calm |
| 31 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in July
Daylight runs from about 13 h 24 min at the start of July to 13 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 18 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 6:12 AM to 6:24 AM, and sunset from 7:36 PM to 7:29 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:12 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:35 | 7:35 | 7:35 | 7:35 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:33 | 7:33 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:29 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.4 | 6:12 | 7:36 |
| 2 | 13.4 | 6:13 | 7:36 |
| 3 | 13.4 | 6:13 | 7:36 |
| 4 | 13.4 | 6:13 | 7:36 |
| 5 | 13.4 | 6:14 | 7:36 |
| 6 | 13.4 | 6:14 | 7:36 |
| 7 | 13.4 | 6:14 | 7:36 |
| 8 | 13.4 | 6:15 | 7:36 |
| 9 | 13.3 | 6:15 | 7:36 |
| 10 | 13.3 | 6:16 | 7:36 |
| 11 | 13.3 | 6:16 | 7:36 |
| 12 | 13.3 | 6:16 | 7:36 |
| 13 | 13.3 | 6:17 | 7:35 |
| 14 | 13.3 | 6:17 | 7:35 |
| 15 | 13.3 | 6:18 | 7:35 |
| 16 | 13.3 | 6:18 | 7:35 |
| 17 | 13.3 | 6:18 | 7:35 |
| 18 | 13.3 | 6:19 | 7:34 |
| 19 | 13.3 | 6:19 | 7:34 |
| 20 | 13.2 | 6:20 | 7:34 |
| 21 | 13.2 | 6:20 | 7:34 |
| 22 | 13.2 | 6:20 | 7:33 |
| 23 | 13.2 | 6:21 | 7:33 |
| 24 | 13.2 | 6:21 | 7:33 |
| 25 | 13.2 | 6:22 | 7:32 |
| 26 | 13.2 | 6:22 | 7:32 |
| 27 | 13.1 | 6:23 | 7:31 |
| 28 | 13.1 | 6:23 | 7:31 |
| 29 | 13.1 | 6:24 | 7:30 |
| 30 | 13.1 | 6:24 | 7:30 |
| 31 | 13.1 | 6:24 | 7:29 |
Solar energy in July
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 6.83 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.62 kWh/m² to a high of 7.76 kWh/m² in May across the year — July's 6.83 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 31 | 7.0 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Víctor Rosales
In July, Víctor Rosales sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Víctor Rosales's rainy season runs June–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is July a good time to visit Víctor Rosales?
Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
July is a reasonable time to visit Víctor Rosales for sightseeing.
What to pack for Víctor Rosales in July
From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In July, Víctor Rosales sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 14°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes and rain gear. About 14 days see rain.
UV index in Víctor Rosales in July
Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Víctor Rosales peaks around May 14 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 18 at about 7 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 7 | 7 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7 | Very high |
| Feb | 10 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 7 | Very high |
| Dec | 7 | High |
Where is Víctor Rosales?
Víctor Rosales sits at 22.9°N, 102.7°W, 2,167 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Zacatecas, 24 km away.
Topography around Víctor Rosales
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Víctor Rosales.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Víctor Rosales has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 56 m around an average of 2,164 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 374 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,190 m.
The land around Víctor Rosales is covered by cropland (52%) and artificial surfaces (25%) within 3 km, cropland (74%) within 16 km, and shrubs (51%) and cropland (33%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Víctor Rosales (22.9489°, -102.7022°, elevation 2,167 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).