Villa Hidalgo weather in November
In November, Villa Hidalgo sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 13 mm of rain across 2.3 wet days and about 11 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 25°C in the first days to 23°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 62% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 12 min at the start of November to 10 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Villa Hidalgo's 1st-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Villa Hidalgo's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 4th coldest
- Rainfall
- 13 mm
- 2.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 54 min
- 7:07 AM – 6:04 PM
- Cloud cover
- 34%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.12 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.7
- out of 10
Villa Hidalgo is municipal seat of Villa Hidalgo, State of Jalisco, Mexico.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Highs ease over the month, from about 25°C in the first days to 23°C by the end.
A typical November day in Villa Hidalgo reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 15°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 21°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 1°C cooler than October and about 2°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25 | 11 |
| 2 | 25 | 11 |
| 3 | 25 | 11 |
| 4 | 25 | 11 |
| 5 | 25 | 10 |
| 6 | 25 | 10 |
| 7 | 25 | 10 |
| 8 | 25 | 10 |
| 9 | 24 | 10 |
| 10 | 24 | 10 |
| 11 | 24 | 10 |
| 12 | 24 | 10 |
| 13 | 24 | 10 |
| 14 | 24 | 10 |
| 15 | 24 | 9 |
| 16 | 24 | 9 |
| 17 | 24 | 9 |
| 18 | 24 | 9 |
| 19 | 24 | 9 |
| 20 | 24 | 9 |
| 21 | 24 | 9 |
| 22 | 24 | 9 |
| 23 | 24 | 9 |
| 24 | 24 | 8 |
| 25 | 24 | 8 |
| 26 | 24 | 8 |
| 27 | 23 | 8 |
| 28 | 23 | 8 |
| 29 | 23 | 8 |
| 30 | 23 | 8 |
Villa Hidalgo weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 9th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 22° / 7° | 18 | 2.4 | 10.8 | 8.0 |
| Feb | 24° / 8° | 13 | 1.7 | 11.3 | 8.6 |
| Mar | 27° / 10° | 7 | 1.2 | 11.8 | 8.4 |
| Apr | 29° / 12° | 5 | 1.5 | 12.5 | 6.8 |
| May | 30° / 15° | 26 | 5.5 | 13 | 5.5 |
| Jun | 29° / 16° | 110 | 13.5 | 13.3 | 5.2 |
| Jul | 27° / 15° | 164 | 17.7 | 13.2 | 5.5 |
| Aug | 26° / 15° | 138 | 16.6 | 12.7 | 5.7 |
| Sep | 25° / 15° | 118 | 14.4 | 12.1 | 6.0 |
| Oct | 26° / 13° | 44 | 6.3 | 11.5 | 7.6 |
| Nov | 24° / 9° | 13 | 2.3 | 11 | 8.7 |
| Dec | 22° / 7° | 9 | 1.5 | 10.7 | 8.3 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 62% of the time in November, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 26%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 75 |
| Cloudier (%) | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 25 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 73 | 27 |
| 2 | 73 | 27 |
| 3 | 73 | 27 |
| 4 | 73 | 27 |
| 5 | 73 | 27 |
| 6 | 73 | 27 |
| 7 | 73 | 27 |
| 8 | 73 | 27 |
| 9 | 72 | 28 |
| 10 | 72 | 28 |
| 11 | 72 | 28 |
| 12 | 73 | 27 |
| 13 | 73 | 27 |
| 14 | 73 | 27 |
| 15 | 73 | 27 |
| 16 | 74 | 26 |
| 17 | 74 | 26 |
| 18 | 74 | 26 |
| 19 | 75 | 25 |
| 20 | 75 | 25 |
| 21 | 75 | 25 |
| 22 | 75 | 25 |
| 23 | 76 | 24 |
| 24 | 76 | 24 |
| 25 | 76 | 24 |
| 26 | 76 | 24 |
| 27 | 77 | 23 |
| 28 | 76 | 24 |
| 29 | 76 | 24 |
| 30 | 75 | 25 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Villa Hidalgo gets around 13 mm of rain over 2.3 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 8% and peaks near 10% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 10 |
| 2 | 10 |
| 3 | 10 |
| 4 | 10 |
| 5 | 10 |
| 6 | 10 |
| 7 | 10 |
| 8 | 10 |
| 9 | 10 |
| 10 | 10 |
| 11 | 10 |
| 12 | 10 |
| 13 | 10 |
| 14 | 9 |
| 15 | 9 |
| 16 | 8 |
| 17 | 8 |
| 18 | 7 |
| 19 | 7 |
| 20 | 6 |
| 21 | 6 |
| 22 | 5 |
| 23 | 5 |
| 24 | 4 |
| 25 | 4 |
| 26 | 4 |
| 27 | 4 |
| 28 | 4 |
| 29 | 4 |
| 30 | 4 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 98% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 92 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 92 | 8 |
| 2 | 93 | 7 |
| 3 | 93 | 7 |
| 4 | 94 | 6 |
| 5 | 94 | 6 |
| 6 | 95 | 5 |
| 7 | 95 | 5 |
| 8 | 96 | 4 |
| 9 | 96 | 4 |
| 10 | 97 | 3 |
| 11 | 97 | 3 |
| 12 | 97 | 3 |
| 13 | 98 | 2 |
| 14 | 98 | 2 |
| 15 | 98 | 2 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 100 | 0 |
| 22 | 100 | 0 |
| 23 | 100 | 0 |
| 24 | 100 | 0 |
| 25 | 100 | 0 |
| 26 | 100 | 0 |
| 27 | 100 | 0 |
| 28 | 100 | 0 |
| 29 | 100 | 0 |
| 30 | 100 | 0 |
Wind in November
Winds average 8 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 11 h 12 min at the start of November to 10 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 24 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 6:58 AM to 7:16 AM, and sunset from 6:09 PM to 6:03 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:58 | 6:59 | 6:59 | 7:00 | 7:01 | 7:01 | 7:02 | 7:02 | 7:03 | 7:03 | 7:04 | 7:05 | 7:05 | 7:06 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:09 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:11 | 7:12 | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:14 | 7:14 | 7:15 | 7:16 | 7:16 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:09 | 6:09 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:08 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.2 | 6:58 | 6:09 |
| 2 | 11.2 | 6:59 | 6:09 |
| 3 | 11.2 | 6:59 | 6:08 |
| 4 | 11.1 | 7:00 | 6:08 |
| 5 | 11.1 | 7:01 | 6:08 |
| 6 | 11.1 | 7:01 | 6:07 |
| 7 | 11.1 | 7:02 | 6:07 |
| 8 | 11.1 | 7:02 | 6:06 |
| 9 | 11.1 | 7:03 | 6:06 |
| 10 | 11.0 | 7:03 | 6:06 |
| 11 | 11.0 | 7:04 | 6:05 |
| 12 | 11.0 | 7:05 | 6:05 |
| 13 | 11.0 | 7:05 | 6:05 |
| 14 | 11.0 | 7:06 | 6:04 |
| 15 | 11.0 | 7:07 | 6:04 |
| 16 | 10.9 | 7:07 | 6:04 |
| 17 | 10.9 | 7:08 | 6:04 |
| 18 | 10.9 | 7:08 | 6:04 |
| 19 | 10.9 | 7:09 | 6:03 |
| 20 | 10.9 | 7:10 | 6:03 |
| 21 | 10.9 | 7:10 | 6:03 |
| 22 | 10.9 | 7:11 | 6:03 |
| 23 | 10.9 | 7:12 | 6:03 |
| 24 | 10.8 | 7:12 | 6:03 |
| 25 | 10.8 | 7:13 | 6:03 |
| 26 | 10.8 | 7:14 | 6:03 |
| 27 | 10.8 | 7:14 | 6:03 |
| 28 | 10.8 | 7:15 | 6:03 |
| 29 | 10.8 | 7:16 | 6:03 |
| 30 | 10.8 | 7:16 | 6:03 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 5.12 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.75 kWh/m² to a high of 7.76 kWh/m² in May across the year — November's 5.12 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 4.9 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 29 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 30 | 4.9 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Villa Hidalgo
None of Villa Hidalgo's seasonal hazards are active in November. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Villa Hidalgo's rainy season runs June–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is November a good time to visit Villa Hidalgo?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is one of the better times to visit Villa Hidalgo for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Villa Hidalgo in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Villa Hidalgo sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 9°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Villa Hidalgo in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 8 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Villa Hidalgo peaks around April 23 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 17 at about 7 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 7 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | Very high |
| Feb | 10 | Extreme |
| Mar | 13 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 8 | Very high |
| Dec | 7 | High |
Where is Villa Hidalgo?
Villa Hidalgo sits at 21.7°N, 102.6°W, 1,942 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Calvillo, 23 km away.
Topography around Villa Hidalgo
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Villa Hidalgo.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Villa Hidalgo has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 136 m around an average of 1,942 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,014 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,894 m.
The land around Villa Hidalgo is covered by cropland (39%), grassland (24%) and shrubs (23%) within 3 km, shrubs (59%) within 16 km, and shrubs (55%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Villa Hidalgo (21.6762°, -102.588°, elevation 1,942 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).