Xonacatlán weather in February
In February, Xonacatlán sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 4°C, with 17 mm of rain across 4.1 wet days and about 11.3 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 19°C in the first days to 21°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 58% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 06 min at the start of February to 11 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Xonacatlán's 1st-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Xonacatlán's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 4°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 17 mm
- 4.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 18 min
- 7:12 AM – 6:33 PM
- Cloud cover
- 36%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.91 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.6
- out of 10
Xonacatlán is municipal seat of Xonacatlán, State of Mexico, Mexico.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 19°C in the first days to 21°C by the end.
A typical February day in Xonacatlán reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 4°C overnight — a 16°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 17°C and 23°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 2°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 4 |
| 2 | 19 | 4 |
| 3 | 19 | 4 |
| 4 | 19 | 4 |
| 5 | 19 | 4 |
| 6 | 19 | 4 |
| 7 | 19 | 4 |
| 8 | 20 | 4 |
| 9 | 20 | 4 |
| 10 | 20 | 4 |
| 11 | 20 | 4 |
| 12 | 20 | 4 |
| 13 | 20 | 4 |
| 14 | 20 | 4 |
| 15 | 20 | 4 |
| 16 | 21 | 5 |
| 17 | 21 | 5 |
| 18 | 21 | 5 |
| 19 | 21 | 5 |
| 20 | 21 | 5 |
| 21 | 21 | 5 |
| 22 | 21 | 5 |
| 23 | 21 | 5 |
| 24 | 21 | 5 |
| 25 | 21 | 5 |
| 26 | 21 | 5 |
| 27 | 21 | 5 |
| 28 | 21 | 5 |
Xonacatlán weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 5th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18° / 3° | 19 | 4 | 11 | 7.2 |
| Feb | 20° / 4° | 17 | 4.1 | 11.3 | 7.6 |
| Mar | 22° / 6° | 24 | 5.8 | 11.9 | 7.7 |
| Apr | 23° / 7° | 44 | 8.8 | 12.4 | 7.2 |
| May | 23° / 9° | 91 | 13.8 | 12.9 | 6.3 |
| Jun | 22° / 10° | 211 | 19 | 13.1 | 5.0 |
| Jul | 20° / 10° | 238 | 25.9 | 13.1 | 4.0 |
| Aug | 20° / 10° | 230 | 24.6 | 12.7 | 4.1 |
| Sep | 20° / 10° | 214 | 21.8 | 12.1 | 4.4 |
| Oct | 19° / 8° | 97 | 13.5 | 11.6 | 5.6 |
| Nov | 19° / 6° | 29 | 5.5 | 11.1 | 6.9 |
| Dec | 19° / 4° | 13 | 2.5 | 10.9 | 7.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 58% of the time in February, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 18% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 24%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 67 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 82 | 82 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 |
| Cloudier (%) | 33 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 20 | 20 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 67 | 33 |
| 2 | 68 | 32 |
| 3 | 67 | 33 |
| 4 | 67 | 33 |
| 5 | 68 | 32 |
| 6 | 68 | 32 |
| 7 | 69 | 31 |
| 8 | 70 | 30 |
| 9 | 71 | 29 |
| 10 | 72 | 28 |
| 11 | 73 | 27 |
| 12 | 75 | 25 |
| 13 | 76 | 24 |
| 14 | 77 | 23 |
| 15 | 78 | 22 |
| 16 | 78 | 22 |
| 17 | 80 | 20 |
| 18 | 80 | 20 |
| 19 | 82 | 18 |
| 20 | 82 | 18 |
| 21 | 82 | 18 |
| 22 | 83 | 17 |
| 23 | 84 | 16 |
| 24 | 84 | 16 |
| 25 | 83 | 17 |
| 26 | 83 | 17 |
| 27 | 82 | 18 |
| 28 | 82 | 18 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Xonacatlán gets around 17 mm of rain over 4.1 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 15% and peaks near 17% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 17 |
| 2 | 17 |
| 3 | 17 |
| 4 | 17 |
| 5 | 17 |
| 6 | 16 |
| 7 | 16 |
| 8 | 16 |
| 9 | 15 |
| 10 | 15 |
| 11 | 14 |
| 12 | 14 |
| 13 | 14 |
| 14 | 14 |
| 15 | 13 |
| 16 | 13 |
| 17 | 13 |
| 18 | 13 |
| 19 | 13 |
| 20 | 13 |
| 21 | 13 |
| 22 | 14 |
| 23 | 14 |
| 24 | 14 |
| 25 | 14 |
| 26 | 15 |
| 27 | 15 |
| 28 | 15 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 7 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 06 min at the start of February to 11 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 30 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:18 AM to 7:05 AM, and sunset from 6:26 PM to 6:39 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:17 | 7:17 | 7:17 | 7:16 | 7:16 | 7:15 | 7:15 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:11 | 7:10 | 7:10 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:05 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:30 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:39 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.1 | 7:18 | 6:26 |
| 2 | 11.1 | 7:17 | 6:26 |
| 3 | 11.2 | 7:17 | 6:27 |
| 4 | 11.2 | 7:17 | 6:27 |
| 5 | 11.2 | 7:17 | 6:28 |
| 6 | 11.2 | 7:16 | 6:28 |
| 7 | 11.2 | 7:16 | 6:29 |
| 8 | 11.2 | 7:15 | 6:29 |
| 9 | 11.2 | 7:15 | 6:30 |
| 10 | 11.3 | 7:15 | 6:31 |
| 11 | 11.3 | 7:14 | 6:31 |
| 12 | 11.3 | 7:14 | 6:32 |
| 13 | 11.3 | 7:13 | 6:32 |
| 14 | 11.3 | 7:13 | 6:33 |
| 15 | 11.3 | 7:12 | 6:33 |
| 16 | 11.4 | 7:12 | 6:33 |
| 17 | 11.4 | 7:11 | 6:34 |
| 18 | 11.4 | 7:11 | 6:34 |
| 19 | 11.4 | 7:10 | 6:35 |
| 20 | 11.4 | 7:10 | 6:35 |
| 21 | 11.4 | 7:09 | 6:36 |
| 22 | 11.5 | 7:08 | 6:36 |
| 23 | 11.5 | 7:08 | 6:37 |
| 24 | 11.5 | 7:07 | 6:37 |
| 25 | 11.5 | 7:07 | 6:37 |
| 26 | 11.5 | 7:06 | 6:38 |
| 27 | 11.5 | 7:05 | 6:38 |
| 28 | 11.6 | 7:05 | 6:39 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.91 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.91 kWh/m² to a high of 7.08 kWh/m² in April across the year — February's 5.91 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 16 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 17 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.4 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Xonacatlán
None of Xonacatlán's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Xonacatlán's monsoon runs June–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Xonacatlán?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Xonacatlán for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Xonacatlán in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Xonacatlán sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 4°C. Worth packing: a warm layer and sun protection. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in Xonacatlán in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Xonacatlán peaks around March 24 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 15 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 9 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 15 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 8 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Very high |
| Feb | 11 | Extreme |
| Mar | 14 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 15 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 8 | Very high |
Air quality in Xonacatlán in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Xonacatlán is worst in December — around 79 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 67 | 62 | 55 | 52 | 57 | 59 | 69 | 65 | 70 | 66 | 77 | 79 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 67 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 62 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 55 | Poor |
| Apr | 52 | Poor |
| May | 57 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 59 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 69 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 65 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 70 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 66 | Unhealthy |
| Nov | 77 | Unhealthy |
| Dec | 79 | Unhealthy |
Where is Xonacatlán?
Xonacatlán sits at 19.4°N, 99.5°W, 2,585 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is San José Guadalupe Otzacatipan, 9.0 km away.
Topography around Xonacatlán
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Xonacatlán.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Xonacatlán has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 128 m around an average of 2,581 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,205 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,666 m.
The land around Xonacatlán is covered by cropland (59%) and artificial surfaces (20%) within 3 km, trees (36%), cropland (27%) and artificial surfaces (20%) within 16 km, and trees (39%) and cropland (23%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Xonacatlán (19.4051°, -99.5281°, elevation 2,585 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).