Bulgan weather in April
In April, Bulgan sees average daytime highs of 10°C and overnight lows near -3°C, with 22 mm of precipitation across 5.9 wet days and about 13.4 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 13°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 28% of the time in April, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of April to 14 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, April is Bulgan's 8th-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Bulgan's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 10°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- -3°
- 7th coldest
- Precipitation
- 22 mm
- 5.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 13 h 24 min
- 6:23 AM – 7:49 PM
- Cloud cover
- 58%
- 8th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.59 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.5
- out of 10
Temperature in April
Highs climb over the month, from about 7°C in the first days to 13°C by the end.
A typical April day in Bulgan reaches about 10°C in the afternoon and slips back to -3°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 2°C and 18°C. Set against its neighbours, April runs about 9°C warmer than March and about 7°C cooler than May.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 |
| Avg low (°C) | -7 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 0 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | -7 |
| 2 | 7 | -6 |
| 3 | 7 | -6 |
| 4 | 7 | -6 |
| 5 | 7 | -6 |
| 6 | 8 | -5 |
| 7 | 8 | -5 |
| 8 | 8 | -5 |
| 9 | 8 | -5 |
| 10 | 9 | -5 |
| 11 | 9 | -4 |
| 12 | 9 | -4 |
| 13 | 9 | -4 |
| 14 | 10 | -4 |
| 15 | 10 | -3 |
| 16 | 10 | -3 |
| 17 | 10 | -3 |
| 18 | 11 | -3 |
| 19 | 11 | -3 |
| 20 | 11 | -2 |
| 21 | 11 | -2 |
| 22 | 12 | -2 |
| 23 | 12 | -2 |
| 24 | 12 | -1 |
| 25 | 12 | -1 |
| 26 | 13 | -1 |
| 27 | 13 | -1 |
| 28 | 13 | -1 |
| 29 | 13 | 0 |
| 30 | 14 | 0 |
How April really feels in Bulgan
Once humidity and wind are folded in, April averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 30 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in April is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Bulgan weather by month
How April compares with the rest of the year at a glance. April is the 6th-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -13° / -25° | 2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 8.5 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -8° / -22° | 3 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 9.8 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 1° / -13° | 10 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 11.6 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 10° / -3° | 22 | 5.9 | 4.5 | 13.4 | 2.5 |
| May | 17° / 3° | 37 | 7.9 | 2.4 | 15 | 5.6 |
| Jun | 22° / 10° | 59 | 10.5 | 0.1 | 15.9 | 6.5 |
| Jul | 23° / 13° | 79 | 12.9 | 0 | 15.5 | 6.4 |
| Aug | 21° / 10° | 76 | 11.2 | 0 | 14.2 | 6.3 |
| Sep | 16° / 3° | 36 | 7.2 | 1.2 | 12.4 | 5.4 |
| Oct | 7° / -5° | 17 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 10.5 | 1.5 |
| Nov | -4° / -15° | 8 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 8.9 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -11° / -22° | 3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 8.1 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in April
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 28% of the time in April.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 20% of April, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 51%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 54 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 |
| Cloudier (%) | 46 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 54 | 46 |
| 2 | 53 | 47 |
| 3 | 53 | 47 |
| 4 | 52 | 48 |
| 5 | 52 | 48 |
| 6 | 52 | 48 |
| 7 | 51 | 49 |
| 8 | 51 | 49 |
| 9 | 51 | 49 |
| 10 | 50 | 50 |
| 11 | 49 | 51 |
| 12 | 49 | 51 |
| 13 | 49 | 51 |
| 14 | 48 | 52 |
| 15 | 47 | 53 |
| 16 | 48 | 52 |
| 17 | 48 | 52 |
| 18 | 48 | 52 |
| 19 | 47 | 53 |
| 20 | 46 | 54 |
| 21 | 46 | 54 |
| 22 | 46 | 54 |
| 23 | 46 | 54 |
| 24 | 46 | 54 |
| 25 | 46 | 54 |
| 26 | 46 | 54 |
| 27 | 46 | 54 |
| 28 | 46 | 54 |
| 29 | 45 | 55 |
| 30 | 45 | 55 |
Chance of precipitation in April
Bulgan gets around 22 mm of rain and snow over 5.9 wet days in April. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 19% and peaks near 21% on the wettest days, and about 5 days bring snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 |
| Snow chance (%) | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13 | 14 |
| 2 | 14 | 14 |
| 3 | 14 | 15 |
| 4 | 15 | 15 |
| 5 | 16 | 15 |
| 6 | 16 | 16 |
| 7 | 17 | 16 |
| 8 | 18 | 16 |
| 9 | 18 | 16 |
| 10 | 19 | 16 |
| 11 | 19 | 17 |
| 12 | 20 | 17 |
| 13 | 20 | 17 |
| 14 | 20 | 16 |
| 15 | 21 | 16 |
| 16 | 21 | 16 |
| 17 | 21 | 16 |
| 18 | 21 | 15 |
| 19 | 21 | 15 |
| 20 | 21 | 15 |
| 21 | 21 | 14 |
| 22 | 21 | 14 |
| 23 | 21 | 14 |
| 24 | 21 | 13 |
| 25 | 21 | 13 |
| 26 | 21 | 13 |
| 27 | 20 | 12 |
| 28 | 20 | 12 |
| 29 | 21 | 12 |
| 30 | 21 | 12 |
Humidity in April
Most of April feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, April lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in April
Winds average 11 km/h in April, the windiest month of the year.
Across April, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
| 29 | 11 | calm |
| 30 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in April
Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of April to 14 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 102 minutes over April. Sunrise moves from 6:54 AM to 5:56 AM, and sunset from 7:27 PM to 8:10 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.5 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 13.7 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:54 | 6:52 | 6:50 | 6:48 | 6:46 | 6:44 | 6:42 | 6:39 | 6:37 | 6:35 | 6:33 | 6:31 | 6:29 | 6:27 | 6:25 | 6:23 | 6:21 | 6:19 | 6:17 | 6:15 | 6:13 | 6:11 | 6:09 | 6:07 | 6:05 | 6:03 | 6:01 | 6:00 | 5:58 | 5:56 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:30 | 7:31 | 7:33 | 7:34 | 7:36 | 7:37 | 7:39 | 7:40 | 7:42 | 7:43 | 7:45 | 7:46 | 7:48 | 7:49 | 7:51 | 7:52 | 7:54 | 7:55 | 7:57 | 7:58 | 8:00 | 8:01 | 8:03 | 8:04 | 8:06 | 8:07 | 8:09 | 8:10 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.5 | 6:54 | 7:27 |
| 2 | 12.6 | 6:52 | 7:28 |
| 3 | 12.7 | 6:50 | 7:30 |
| 4 | 12.7 | 6:48 | 7:31 |
| 5 | 12.8 | 6:46 | 7:33 |
| 6 | 12.8 | 6:44 | 7:34 |
| 7 | 12.9 | 6:42 | 7:36 |
| 8 | 13.0 | 6:39 | 7:37 |
| 9 | 13.0 | 6:37 | 7:39 |
| 10 | 13.1 | 6:35 | 7:40 |
| 11 | 13.1 | 6:33 | 7:42 |
| 12 | 13.2 | 6:31 | 7:43 |
| 13 | 13.3 | 6:29 | 7:45 |
| 14 | 13.3 | 6:27 | 7:46 |
| 15 | 13.4 | 6:25 | 7:48 |
| 16 | 13.4 | 6:23 | 7:49 |
| 17 | 13.5 | 6:21 | 7:51 |
| 18 | 13.6 | 6:19 | 7:52 |
| 19 | 13.6 | 6:17 | 7:54 |
| 20 | 13.7 | 6:15 | 7:55 |
| 21 | 13.7 | 6:13 | 7:57 |
| 22 | 13.8 | 6:11 | 7:58 |
| 23 | 13.8 | 6:09 | 8:00 |
| 24 | 13.9 | 6:07 | 8:01 |
| 25 | 14.0 | 6:05 | 8:03 |
| 26 | 14.0 | 6:03 | 8:04 |
| 27 | 14.1 | 6:01 | 8:06 |
| 28 | 14.1 | 6:00 | 8:07 |
| 29 | 14.2 | 5:58 | 8:09 |
| 30 | 14.2 | 5:56 | 8:10 |
Solar energy in April
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in April, about 5.59 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.42 kWh/m² to a high of 6.5 kWh/m² in May across the year — April's 5.59 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 27 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 28 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 29 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.0 | Intense |
Is April a good time to visit Bulgan?
Our two travel scores rate April for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
April is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Bulgan.
What to pack for Bulgan in April
From April's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In April, Bulgan sees daytime highs around 10°C and nights near -3°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: a heavy coat and sun protection. About 6 days see rain.
UV index in Bulgan in April
Clear-sky midday UV in April peaks around 6 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Bulgan peaks around July 16 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Low |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 7 | High |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Bulgan?
Bulgan sits at 48.8°N, 103.5°E, 1,204 m above sea level, in Mongolia. The nearest listed city is Erdenet, 47 km away.
Topography around Bulgan
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Bulgan.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Bulgan has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 210 m around an average of 1,241 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,028 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,348 m.
The land around Bulgan is covered by grassland (89%) within 3 km, grassland (86%) within 16 km, and grassland (76%) and trees (23%) within 80 km.
Mongolia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 34% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,108
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 21
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 447
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Bulgan (48.8125°, 103.5347°, elevation 1,204 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).