Bulgan weather in October
In October, Bulgan sees average daytime highs of 7°C and overnight lows near -5°C, with 17 mm of precipitation across 4.4 wet days and about 10.5 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 7th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 3°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 51% of the time in October, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 24 min at the start of October to 9 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, October is Bulgan's 5th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Bulgan's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 7°
- 7th warmest
- Overnight low
- -5°
- 6th coldest
- Precipitation
- 17 mm
- 4.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 30 min
- 7:35 AM – 6:07 PM
- Cloud cover
- 41%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.05 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.5
- out of 10
Temperature in October
Highs ease over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 3°C by the end.
A typical October day in Bulgan reaches about 7°C in the afternoon and slips back to -5°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 0°C and 14°C. Set against its neighbours, October runs about 9°C cooler than September and about 11°C warmer than November.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Avg low (°C) | -1 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -9 | -9 | -9 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12 | -1 |
| 2 | 12 | -2 |
| 3 | 11 | -2 |
| 4 | 11 | -2 |
| 5 | 11 | -2 |
| 6 | 11 | -3 |
| 7 | 10 | -3 |
| 8 | 10 | -3 |
| 9 | 10 | -3 |
| 10 | 9 | -4 |
| 11 | 9 | -4 |
| 12 | 9 | -4 |
| 13 | 8 | -4 |
| 14 | 8 | -5 |
| 15 | 8 | -5 |
| 16 | 8 | -5 |
| 17 | 7 | -5 |
| 18 | 7 | -6 |
| 19 | 7 | -6 |
| 20 | 6 | -6 |
| 21 | 6 | -6 |
| 22 | 6 | -7 |
| 23 | 5 | -7 |
| 24 | 5 | -7 |
| 25 | 5 | -7 |
| 26 | 4 | -8 |
| 27 | 4 | -8 |
| 28 | 4 | -8 |
| 29 | 3 | -9 |
| 30 | 3 | -9 |
| 31 | 3 | -9 |
How October really feels in Bulgan
Once humidity and wind are folded in, October averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 31 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in October is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Bulgan weather by month
How October compares with the rest of the year at a glance. October is the 7th-warmest and 7th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -13° / -25° | 2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 8.5 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -8° / -22° | 3 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 9.8 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 1° / -13° | 10 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 11.6 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 10° / -3° | 22 | 5.9 | 4.5 | 13.4 | 2.5 |
| May | 17° / 3° | 37 | 7.9 | 2.4 | 15 | 5.6 |
| Jun | 22° / 10° | 59 | 10.5 | 0.1 | 15.9 | 6.5 |
| Jul | 23° / 13° | 79 | 12.9 | 0 | 15.5 | 6.4 |
| Aug | 21° / 10° | 76 | 11.2 | 0 | 14.2 | 6.3 |
| Sep | 16° / 3° | 36 | 7.2 | 1.2 | 12.4 | 5.4 |
| Oct | 7° / -5° | 17 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 10.5 | 1.5 |
| Nov | -4° / -15° | 8 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 8.9 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -11° / -22° | 3 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 8.1 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in October
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 51% of the time in October.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 16% of October, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 33%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 65 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
| Cloudier (%) | 35 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 65 | 35 |
| 2 | 65 | 35 |
| 3 | 66 | 34 |
| 4 | 66 | 34 |
| 5 | 66 | 34 |
| 6 | 66 | 34 |
| 7 | 66 | 34 |
| 8 | 67 | 33 |
| 9 | 67 | 33 |
| 10 | 67 | 33 |
| 11 | 67 | 33 |
| 12 | 67 | 33 |
| 13 | 67 | 33 |
| 14 | 67 | 33 |
| 15 | 67 | 33 |
| 16 | 67 | 33 |
| 17 | 67 | 33 |
| 18 | 68 | 32 |
| 19 | 67 | 33 |
| 20 | 67 | 33 |
| 21 | 68 | 32 |
| 22 | 68 | 32 |
| 23 | 68 | 32 |
| 24 | 68 | 32 |
| 25 | 69 | 31 |
| 26 | 69 | 31 |
| 27 | 69 | 31 |
| 28 | 69 | 31 |
| 29 | 70 | 30 |
| 30 | 70 | 30 |
| 31 | 70 | 30 |
Chance of precipitation in October
Bulgan gets around 17 mm of rain and snow over 4.4 wet days in October. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 15% and peaks near 19% on the wettest days, and about 4 days bring snow. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Snow chance (%) | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 19 | 10 |
| 2 | 19 | 10 |
| 3 | 19 | 11 |
| 4 | 18 | 11 |
| 5 | 18 | 11 |
| 6 | 18 | 11 |
| 7 | 17 | 12 |
| 8 | 17 | 12 |
| 9 | 17 | 12 |
| 10 | 16 | 12 |
| 11 | 16 | 12 |
| 12 | 16 | 12 |
| 13 | 16 | 13 |
| 14 | 16 | 13 |
| 15 | 15 | 13 |
| 16 | 15 | 13 |
| 17 | 15 | 13 |
| 18 | 15 | 13 |
| 19 | 14 | 13 |
| 20 | 14 | 13 |
| 21 | 13 | 13 |
| 22 | 13 | 12 |
| 23 | 12 | 12 |
| 24 | 12 | 12 |
| 25 | 12 | 12 |
| 26 | 11 | 11 |
| 27 | 11 | 11 |
| 28 | 11 | 11 |
| 29 | 10 | 11 |
| 30 | 10 | 11 |
| 31 | 10 | 11 |
Humidity in October
Most of October feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, October lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in October
Winds average 9 km/h in October.
Across October, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
| 31 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in October
Daylight runs from about 11 h 24 min at the start of October to 9 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 102 minutes over October. Sunrise moves from 7:12 AM to 7:59 AM, and sunset from 6:38 PM to 5:40 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 9.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:12 | 7:13 | 7:15 | 7:16 | 7:18 | 7:19 | 7:21 | 7:23 | 7:24 | 7:26 | 7:27 | 7:29 | 7:30 | 7:32 | 7:33 | 7:35 | 7:37 | 7:38 | 7:40 | 7:41 | 7:43 | 7:45 | 7:46 | 7:48 | 7:49 | 7:51 | 7:53 | 7:54 | 7:56 | 7:57 | 7:59 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:38 | 6:36 | 6:34 | 6:31 | 6:29 | 6:27 | 6:25 | 6:23 | 6:21 | 6:19 | 6:17 | 6:15 | 6:13 | 6:11 | 6:09 | 6:07 | 6:05 | 6:03 | 6:01 | 5:59 | 5:57 | 5:55 | 5:54 | 5:52 | 5:50 | 5:48 | 5:46 | 5:45 | 5:43 | 5:41 | 5:40 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.4 | 7:12 | 6:38 |
| 2 | 11.4 | 7:13 | 6:36 |
| 3 | 11.3 | 7:15 | 6:34 |
| 4 | 11.2 | 7:16 | 6:31 |
| 5 | 11.2 | 7:18 | 6:29 |
| 6 | 11.1 | 7:19 | 6:27 |
| 7 | 11.1 | 7:21 | 6:25 |
| 8 | 11.0 | 7:23 | 6:23 |
| 9 | 10.9 | 7:24 | 6:21 |
| 10 | 10.9 | 7:26 | 6:19 |
| 11 | 10.8 | 7:27 | 6:17 |
| 12 | 10.8 | 7:29 | 6:15 |
| 13 | 10.7 | 7:30 | 6:13 |
| 14 | 10.6 | 7:32 | 6:11 |
| 15 | 10.6 | 7:33 | 6:09 |
| 16 | 10.5 | 7:35 | 6:07 |
| 17 | 10.5 | 7:37 | 6:05 |
| 18 | 10.4 | 7:38 | 6:03 |
| 19 | 10.4 | 7:40 | 6:01 |
| 20 | 10.3 | 7:41 | 5:59 |
| 21 | 10.2 | 7:43 | 5:57 |
| 22 | 10.2 | 7:45 | 5:55 |
| 23 | 10.1 | 7:46 | 5:54 |
| 24 | 10.1 | 7:48 | 5:52 |
| 25 | 10.0 | 7:49 | 5:50 |
| 26 | 10.0 | 7:51 | 5:48 |
| 27 | 9.9 | 7:53 | 5:46 |
| 28 | 9.8 | 7:54 | 5:45 |
| 29 | 9.8 | 7:56 | 5:43 |
| 30 | 9.7 | 7:57 | 5:41 |
| 31 | 9.7 | 7:59 | 5:40 |
Solar energy in October
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in October, about 3.05 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.42 kWh/m² to a high of 6.5 kWh/m² in May across the year — October's 3.05 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 27 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 28 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 29 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 30 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 31 | 2.4 | Moderate |
Is October a good time to visit Bulgan?
Our two travel scores rate October for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
October is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Bulgan.
What to pack for Bulgan in October
From October's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In October, Bulgan sees daytime highs around 7°C and nights near -5°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in Bulgan in October
Clear-sky midday UV in October peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Bulgan peaks around July 16 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Low |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 6 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 7 | High |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Moderate |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Bulgan?
Bulgan sits at 48.8°N, 103.5°E, 1,204 m above sea level, in Mongolia. The nearest listed city is Erdenet, 47 km away.
Topography around Bulgan
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Bulgan.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Bulgan has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 210 m around an average of 1,241 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,028 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,348 m.
The land around Bulgan is covered by grassland (89%) within 3 km, grassland (86%) within 16 km, and grassland (76%) and trees (23%) within 80 km.
Mongolia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 34% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $7,108
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 21
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 447
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Bulgan (48.8125°, 103.5347°, elevation 1,204 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).