Katutura weather in September
In September, Katutura sees average daytime highs of 27°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 5 mm of rain across 1.1 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 28°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 83% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 30 min at the start of September to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Katutura's 5th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Katutura's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 27°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 11°
- 5th coldest
- Rainfall
- 5 mm
- 1.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 6:50 AM – 6:42 PM
- Cloud cover
- 17%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.73 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.6
- out of 10
Temperature in September
Highs climb over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 28°C by the end.
A typical September day in Katutura reaches about 27°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 16°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 24°C and 30°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 4°C warmer than August and about 2°C cooler than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 |
| Avg low (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 9 |
| 2 | 26 | 9 |
| 3 | 26 | 9 |
| 4 | 26 | 9 |
| 5 | 26 | 10 |
| 6 | 26 | 10 |
| 7 | 26 | 10 |
| 8 | 27 | 10 |
| 9 | 27 | 10 |
| 10 | 27 | 10 |
| 11 | 27 | 10 |
| 12 | 27 | 11 |
| 13 | 27 | 11 |
| 14 | 27 | 11 |
| 15 | 27 | 11 |
| 16 | 27 | 11 |
| 17 | 27 | 11 |
| 18 | 27 | 11 |
| 19 | 27 | 11 |
| 20 | 28 | 11 |
| 21 | 28 | 11 |
| 22 | 28 | 12 |
| 23 | 28 | 12 |
| 24 | 28 | 12 |
| 25 | 28 | 12 |
| 26 | 28 | 12 |
| 27 | 28 | 12 |
| 28 | 28 | 12 |
| 29 | 28 | 12 |
| 30 | 28 | 12 |
Katutura weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 6th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29° / 17° | 131 | 12.8 | 13.2 | 5.2 |
| Feb | 28° / 16° | 143 | 13 | 12.8 | 5.7 |
| Mar | 27° / 15° | 89 | 11.8 | 12.2 | 6.5 |
| Apr | 25° / 12° | 29 | 4.8 | 11.5 | 8.2 |
| May | 23° / 8° | 4 | 0.6 | 10.9 | 9.3 |
| Jun | 21° / 5° | 0 | 0.1 | 10.6 | 9.0 |
| Jul | 21° / 5° | 0 | 0.1 | 10.8 | 8.9 |
| Aug | 23° / 7° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.2 | 9.5 |
| Sep | 27° / 11° | 5 | 1.1 | 11.9 | 8.6 |
| Oct | 29° / 14° | 13 | 3.5 | 12.5 | 6.7 |
| Nov | 30° / 15° | 34 | 5.8 | 13.1 | 6.0 |
| Dec | 30° / 16° | 64 | 7.9 | 13.4 | 5.3 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 83% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 7%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 |
| Cloudier (%) | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 96 | 4 |
| 2 | 95 | 5 |
| 3 | 95 | 5 |
| 4 | 95 | 5 |
| 5 | 95 | 5 |
| 6 | 95 | 5 |
| 7 | 95 | 5 |
| 8 | 95 | 5 |
| 9 | 95 | 5 |
| 10 | 95 | 5 |
| 11 | 95 | 5 |
| 12 | 95 | 5 |
| 13 | 94 | 6 |
| 14 | 93 | 7 |
| 15 | 93 | 7 |
| 16 | 93 | 7 |
| 17 | 92 | 8 |
| 18 | 92 | 8 |
| 19 | 92 | 8 |
| 20 | 92 | 8 |
| 21 | 92 | 8 |
| 22 | 92 | 8 |
| 23 | 91 | 9 |
| 24 | 91 | 9 |
| 25 | 91 | 9 |
| 26 | 92 | 8 |
| 27 | 92 | 8 |
| 28 | 92 | 8 |
| 29 | 92 | 8 |
| 30 | 92 | 8 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Katutura gets around 5 mm of rain over 1.1 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 3% and peaks near 7% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 1 |
| 5 | 2 |
| 6 | 2 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 8 | 2 |
| 9 | 2 |
| 10 | 2 |
| 11 | 2 |
| 12 | 2 |
| 13 | 2 |
| 14 | 2 |
| 15 | 3 |
| 16 | 3 |
| 17 | 3 |
| 18 | 4 |
| 19 | 4 |
| 20 | 4 |
| 21 | 5 |
| 22 | 5 |
| 23 | 5 |
| 24 | 5 |
| 25 | 6 |
| 26 | 6 |
| 27 | 6 |
| 28 | 6 |
| 29 | 7 |
| 30 | 7 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 11 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
| 29 | 11 | calm |
| 30 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 30 min at the start of September to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 42 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 7:05 AM to 6:36 AM, and sunset from 6:38 PM to 6:47 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.5 | 7:05 | 6:38 |
| 2 | 11.6 | 7:04 | 6:38 |
| 3 | 11.6 | 7:03 | 6:38 |
| 4 | 11.6 | 7:02 | 6:39 |
| 5 | 11.6 | 7:01 | 6:39 |
| 6 | 11.7 | 7:00 | 6:39 |
| 7 | 11.7 | 6:59 | 6:40 |
| 8 | 11.7 | 6:58 | 6:40 |
| 9 | 11.7 | 6:57 | 6:40 |
| 10 | 11.7 | 6:56 | 6:40 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 6:55 | 6:41 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 6:54 | 6:41 |
| 13 | 11.8 | 6:53 | 6:41 |
| 14 | 11.8 | 6:52 | 6:42 |
| 15 | 11.8 | 6:51 | 6:42 |
| 16 | 11.9 | 6:50 | 6:42 |
| 17 | 11.9 | 6:49 | 6:43 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 6:48 | 6:43 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 6:47 | 6:43 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:46 | 6:43 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:45 | 6:44 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:44 | 6:44 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:43 | 6:44 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:42 | 6:45 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:41 | 6:45 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:40 | 6:45 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:39 | 6:46 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:38 | 6:46 |
| 29 | 12.2 | 6:37 | 6:46 |
| 30 | 12.2 | 6:36 | 6:47 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 6.73 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.67 kWh/m² to a high of 7.9 kWh/m² in December across the year — September's 6.73 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.2 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Katutura
None of Katutura's seasonal hazards are active in September. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Katutura's rainy season runs January–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit Katutura?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is one of the better times to visit Katutura for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Katutura in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Katutura sees daytime highs around 27°C and nights near 11°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Katutura in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Katutura peaks around January 14 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 6 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 14 | Extreme |
| Apr | 10 | Extreme |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 7 | High |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 15 | Extreme |
Air quality in Katutura in September
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Katutura is worst in August — around 31 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 3.0× the cleanest month (January, 11 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 11 | 12 | 16 | 21 | 25 | 26 | 28 | 31 | 28 | 22 | 18 | 13 |
| Level | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 11 | Good |
| Feb | 12 | Moderate |
| Mar | 16 | Moderate |
| Apr | 21 | Moderate |
| May | 25 | Moderate |
| Jun | 26 | Moderate |
| Jul | 28 | Moderate |
| Aug | 31 | Moderate |
| Sep | 28 | Moderate |
| Oct | 22 | Moderate |
| Nov | 18 | Moderate |
| Dec | 13 | Moderate |
Where is Katutura?
Katutura sits at 22.5°S, 17.1°E, 1,630 m above sea level, in Namibia. The nearest listed city is Windhoek, 5.0 km away.
Topography around Katutura
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Katutura.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Katutura has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 115 m around an average of 1,629 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 698 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,512 m.
The land around Katutura is covered by artificial surfaces (61%) and shrubs (28%) within 3 km, shrubs (83%) within 16 km, and shrubs (84%) within 80 km.
Namibia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type D / M
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $4,876
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 11.2
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 34.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Katutura (-22.5231°, 17.0603°, elevation 1,630 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).