Okahandja weather in September
In September, Okahandja sees average daytime highs of 30°C and overnight lows near 13°C, with 3 mm of rain across 0.7 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 29°C in the first days to 31°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 84% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 36 min at the start of September to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Okahandja's 5th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Okahandja's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 30°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 13°
- 5th coldest
- Rainfall
- 3 mm
- 0.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 6:50 AM – 6:43 PM
- Cloud cover
- 16%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 12 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.74 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.7
- out of 10
Okahandja is city in Namibia.
- Founded
- 1894
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs climb over the month, from about 29°C in the first days to 31°C by the end.
A typical September day in Okahandja reaches about 30°C in the afternoon and slips back to 13°C overnight — a 17°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 27°C and 33°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 4°C warmer than August and about 2°C cooler than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
| Avg low (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 11 |
| 2 | 29 | 11 |
| 3 | 29 | 11 |
| 4 | 29 | 12 |
| 5 | 29 | 12 |
| 6 | 29 | 12 |
| 7 | 29 | 12 |
| 8 | 29 | 12 |
| 9 | 30 | 12 |
| 10 | 30 | 12 |
| 11 | 30 | 13 |
| 12 | 30 | 13 |
| 13 | 30 | 13 |
| 14 | 30 | 13 |
| 15 | 30 | 13 |
| 16 | 30 | 13 |
| 17 | 30 | 13 |
| 18 | 30 | 13 |
| 19 | 30 | 14 |
| 20 | 31 | 14 |
| 21 | 31 | 14 |
| 22 | 31 | 14 |
| 23 | 31 | 14 |
| 24 | 31 | 14 |
| 25 | 31 | 14 |
| 26 | 31 | 14 |
| 27 | 31 | 14 |
| 28 | 31 | 15 |
| 29 | 31 | 15 |
| 30 | 31 | 15 |
How September really feels in Okahandja
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
September sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Okahandja weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 6th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 32° / 19° | 90 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 3.9 |
| Feb | 31° / 19° | 78 | 12.1 | 12.8 | 4.2 |
| Mar | 30° / 18° | 60 | 10.1 | 12.2 | 5.2 |
| Apr | 28° / 15° | 23 | 4 | 11.5 | 7.3 |
| May | 26° / 11° | 3 | 0.4 | 11 | 9.1 |
| Jun | 23° / 7° | 0 | 0.1 | 10.7 | 9.7 |
| Jul | 23° / 7° | 0 | 0.1 | 10.8 | 9.6 |
| Aug | 26° / 9° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.2 | 9.1 |
| Sep | 30° / 13° | 3 | 0.7 | 11.9 | 6.7 |
| Oct | 32° / 16° | 10 | 2.4 | 12.5 | 5.0 |
| Nov | 32° / 18° | 25 | 5 | 13.1 | 4.5 |
| Dec | 33° / 19° | 48 | 8.2 | 13.3 | 3.9 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 84% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 9% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 6%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 |
| Cloudier (%) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 95 | 5 |
| 2 | 95 | 5 |
| 3 | 95 | 5 |
| 4 | 95 | 5 |
| 5 | 95 | 5 |
| 6 | 95 | 5 |
| 7 | 94 | 6 |
| 8 | 94 | 6 |
| 9 | 94 | 6 |
| 10 | 94 | 6 |
| 11 | 94 | 6 |
| 12 | 94 | 6 |
| 13 | 94 | 6 |
| 14 | 94 | 6 |
| 15 | 93 | 7 |
| 16 | 93 | 7 |
| 17 | 93 | 7 |
| 18 | 93 | 7 |
| 19 | 93 | 7 |
| 20 | 93 | 7 |
| 21 | 93 | 7 |
| 22 | 93 | 7 |
| 23 | 93 | 7 |
| 24 | 93 | 7 |
| 25 | 93 | 7 |
| 26 | 93 | 7 |
| 27 | 93 | 7 |
| 28 | 94 | 6 |
| 29 | 94 | 6 |
| 30 | 94 | 6 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Okahandja gets around 3 mm of rain over 0.7 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 2% and peaks near 5% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 1 |
| 5 | 1 |
| 6 | 1 |
| 7 | 1 |
| 8 | 1 |
| 9 | 1 |
| 10 | 1 |
| 11 | 1 |
| 12 | 1 |
| 13 | 2 |
| 14 | 2 |
| 15 | 2 |
| 16 | 2 |
| 17 | 2 |
| 18 | 3 |
| 19 | 3 |
| 20 | 3 |
| 21 | 3 |
| 22 | 4 |
| 23 | 4 |
| 24 | 4 |
| 25 | 4 |
| 26 | 4 |
| 27 | 4 |
| 28 | 4 |
| 29 | 5 |
| 30 | 5 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 12 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 12 km/h on the calmest days to 12 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12 | calm |
| 2 | 12 | calm |
| 3 | 12 | calm |
| 4 | 12 | calm |
| 5 | 12 | calm |
| 6 | 12 | calm |
| 7 | 12 | calm |
| 8 | 12 | calm |
| 9 | 12 | calm |
| 10 | 12 | calm |
| 11 | 12 | calm |
| 12 | 12 | calm |
| 13 | 12 | calm |
| 14 | 12 | calm |
| 15 | 12 | calm |
| 16 | 12 | calm |
| 17 | 12 | calm |
| 18 | 12 | calm |
| 19 | 12 | calm |
| 20 | 12 | calm |
| 21 | 12 | calm |
| 22 | 12 | calm |
| 23 | 12 | calm |
| 24 | 12 | calm |
| 25 | 12 | calm |
| 26 | 12 | calm |
| 27 | 12 | calm |
| 28 | 12 | calm |
| 29 | 12 | calm |
| 30 | 12 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 36 min at the start of September to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 36 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 7:05 AM to 6:36 AM, and sunset from 6:39 PM to 6:47 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.6 | 7:05 | 6:39 |
| 2 | 11.6 | 7:04 | 6:39 |
| 3 | 11.6 | 7:04 | 6:39 |
| 4 | 11.6 | 7:03 | 6:40 |
| 5 | 11.6 | 7:02 | 6:40 |
| 6 | 11.7 | 7:01 | 6:40 |
| 7 | 11.7 | 7:00 | 6:40 |
| 8 | 11.7 | 6:59 | 6:41 |
| 9 | 11.7 | 6:58 | 6:41 |
| 10 | 11.7 | 6:57 | 6:41 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 6:56 | 6:42 |
| 12 | 11.8 | 6:55 | 6:42 |
| 13 | 11.8 | 6:54 | 6:42 |
| 14 | 11.8 | 6:52 | 6:42 |
| 15 | 11.9 | 6:51 | 6:43 |
| 16 | 11.9 | 6:50 | 6:43 |
| 17 | 11.9 | 6:49 | 6:43 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 6:48 | 6:44 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 6:47 | 6:44 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:46 | 6:44 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:45 | 6:44 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:44 | 6:45 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:43 | 6:45 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:42 | 6:45 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:41 | 6:46 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:40 | 6:46 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:39 | 6:46 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:38 | 6:46 |
| 29 | 12.2 | 6:37 | 6:47 |
| 30 | 12.2 | 6:36 | 6:47 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 6.74 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.68 kWh/m² to a high of 7.8 kWh/m² in November across the year — September's 6.74 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.2 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.2 | Intense |
Is September a good time to visit Okahandja?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Okahandja for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Okahandja in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Okahandja sees daytime highs around 30°C and nights near 13°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Okahandja in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 11 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Okahandja peaks around January 15 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 6 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 16 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 15 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 16 | Extreme |
| Feb | 14 | Extreme |
| Mar | 14 | Extreme |
| Apr | 10 | Very high |
| May | 8 | Very high |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 7 | High |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 12 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 15 | Extreme |
Air quality in Okahandja in September
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where September falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Okahandja is worst in September — around 16 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.1× the cleanest month (February, 8 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 10 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | Good |
| Feb | 8 | Good |
| Mar | 8 | Good |
| Apr | 9 | Good |
| May | 9 | Good |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 11 | Good |
| Aug | 15 | Moderate |
| Sep | 16 | Moderate |
| Oct | 13 | Moderate |
| Nov | 14 | Moderate |
| Dec | 10 | Good |
Where is Okahandja?
Okahandja sits at 22.0°S, 16.9°E, 1,370 m above sea level, in Namibia. The nearest listed city is Katutura, 62 km away.
Topography around Okahandja
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Okahandja.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Okahandja has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 100 m around an average of 1,342 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 499 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,553 m.
The land around Okahandja is covered by shrubs (62%) and artificial surfaces (22%) within 3 km, shrubs (93%) within 16 km, and shrubs (89%) within 80 km.
Namibia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type D / M
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 41% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $4,876
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 11.2
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 34.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Okahandja (-21.9814°, 16.9029°, elevation 1,370 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).