Goroka weather in February
In February, Goroka sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 16°C, with 413 mm of rain across 26.7 wet days and about 12.2 hours of daylight. It is the 5th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February, and the air most often feels humid.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 18 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Goroka's 11th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Goroka's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 5th warmest
- Overnight low
- 16°
- 12th coldest
- Rainfall
- 413 mm
- 26.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 12 min
- 6:27 AM – 6:39 PM
- Cloud cover
- 95%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 3 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.43 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.6
- out of 10
Goroka is Capital city of Eastern Highlands, Papua New Guinea.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 24°C through the month.
A typical February day in Goroka reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 16°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg low (°C) | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 16 |
| 2 | 24 | 16 |
| 3 | 24 | 16 |
| 4 | 24 | 16 |
| 5 | 24 | 16 |
| 6 | 24 | 16 |
| 7 | 24 | 16 |
| 8 | 24 | 16 |
| 9 | 24 | 16 |
| 10 | 24 | 16 |
| 11 | 24 | 16 |
| 12 | 24 | 16 |
| 13 | 24 | 16 |
| 14 | 24 | 16 |
| 15 | 24 | 16 |
| 16 | 24 | 16 |
| 17 | 24 | 16 |
| 18 | 24 | 16 |
| 19 | 24 | 16 |
| 20 | 24 | 16 |
| 21 | 24 | 16 |
| 22 | 24 | 16 |
| 23 | 24 | 16 |
| 24 | 24 | 16 |
| 25 | 24 | 16 |
| 26 | 24 | 16 |
| 27 | 24 | 16 |
| 28 | 24 | 16 |
Goroka weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 5th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24° / 16° | 425 | 28.5 | 12.3 | 3.7 |
| Feb | 24° / 16° | 413 | 26.7 | 12.2 | 3.6 |
| Mar | 24° / 16° | 417 | 29.6 | 12 | 3.6 |
| Apr | 23° / 15° | 257 | 26.3 | 11.9 | 3.9 |
| May | 24° / 15° | 151 | 22 | 11.7 | 4.8 |
| Jun | 23° / 15° | 88 | 16.7 | 11.7 | 5.5 |
| Jul | 23° / 14° | 96 | 16.6 | 11.7 | 5.5 |
| Aug | 23° / 14° | 112 | 18.1 | 11.8 | 5.4 |
| Sep | 24° / 14° | 129 | 19.5 | 12 | 5.1 |
| Oct | 24° / 15° | 169 | 23.3 | 12.1 | 4.6 |
| Nov | 24° / 15° | 235 | 25.9 | 12.3 | 4.1 |
| Dec | 24° / 16° | 328 | 28.3 | 12.3 | 3.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 1% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 99%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Cloudier (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 99 |
| 2 | 1 | 99 |
| 3 | 1 | 99 |
| 4 | 1 | 99 |
| 5 | 1 | 99 |
| 6 | 1 | 99 |
| 7 | 1 | 99 |
| 8 | 1 | 99 |
| 9 | 1 | 99 |
| 10 | 1 | 99 |
| 11 | 1 | 99 |
| 12 | 1 | 99 |
| 13 | 1 | 99 |
| 14 | 1 | 99 |
| 15 | 1 | 99 |
| 16 | 1 | 99 |
| 17 | 1 | 99 |
| 18 | 1 | 99 |
| 19 | 1 | 99 |
| 20 | 1 | 99 |
| 21 | 1 | 99 |
| 22 | 1 | 99 |
| 23 | 1 | 99 |
| 24 | 1 | 99 |
| 25 | 1 | 99 |
| 26 | 1 | 99 |
| 27 | 1 | 99 |
| 28 | 1 | 99 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Goroka gets around 413 mm of rain over 26.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 96% and peaks near 96% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 95 | 95 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 96 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 95 |
| 2 | 95 |
| 3 | 96 |
| 4 | 96 |
| 5 | 96 |
| 6 | 96 |
| 7 | 96 |
| 8 | 96 |
| 9 | 96 |
| 10 | 96 |
| 11 | 96 |
| 12 | 96 |
| 13 | 96 |
| 14 | 96 |
| 15 | 96 |
| 16 | 95 |
| 17 | 95 |
| 18 | 95 |
| 19 | 95 |
| 20 | 95 |
| 21 | 95 |
| 22 | 95 |
| 23 | 95 |
| 24 | 95 |
| 25 | 95 |
| 26 | 95 |
| 27 | 95 |
| 28 | 96 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels humid — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the humid band about 91% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comfortable (%) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 |
| Humid (%) | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 |
| Muggy (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | Muggy (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | 93 | 1 |
| 2 | 6 | 93 | 1 |
| 3 | 6 | 93 | 1 |
| 4 | 6 | 93 | 1 |
| 5 | 6 | 93 | 1 |
| 6 | 6 | 93 | 1 |
| 7 | 6 | 93 | 1 |
| 8 | 7 | 92 | 1 |
| 9 | 7 | 92 | 1 |
| 10 | 7 | 92 | 1 |
| 11 | 7 | 92 | 1 |
| 12 | 7 | 92 | 1 |
| 13 | 8 | 91 | 1 |
| 14 | 8 | 91 | 1 |
| 15 | 8 | 91 | 1 |
| 16 | 8 | 91 | 1 |
| 17 | 8 | 92 | 0 |
| 18 | 9 | 91 | 0 |
| 19 | 9 | 91 | 0 |
| 20 | 9 | 91 | 0 |
| 21 | 9 | 90 | 1 |
| 22 | 9 | 90 | 1 |
| 23 | 10 | 89 | 1 |
| 24 | 10 | 89 | 1 |
| 25 | 10 | 89 | 1 |
| 26 | 10 | 89 | 1 |
| 27 | 10 | 89 | 1 |
| 28 | 9 | 89 | 2 |
Wind in February
Winds average 3 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 3 km/h on the calmest days to 3 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | calm |
| 2 | 3 | calm |
| 3 | 3 | calm |
| 4 | 3 | calm |
| 5 | 3 | calm |
| 6 | 3 | calm |
| 7 | 3 | calm |
| 8 | 3 | calm |
| 9 | 3 | calm |
| 10 | 3 | calm |
| 11 | 3 | calm |
| 12 | 3 | calm |
| 13 | 3 | calm |
| 14 | 3 | calm |
| 15 | 3 | calm |
| 16 | 3 | calm |
| 17 | 3 | calm |
| 18 | 3 | calm |
| 19 | 3 | calm |
| 20 | 3 | calm |
| 21 | 3 | calm |
| 22 | 3 | calm |
| 23 | 3 | calm |
| 24 | 3 | calm |
| 25 | 3 | calm |
| 26 | 3 | calm |
| 27 | 3 | calm |
| 28 | 3 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 18 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:24 AM to 6:28 AM, and sunset from 6:40 PM to 6:36 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.3 | 6:24 | 6:40 |
| 2 | 12.3 | 6:24 | 6:40 |
| 3 | 12.3 | 6:25 | 6:40 |
| 4 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:40 |
| 5 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:40 |
| 6 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:40 |
| 7 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:40 |
| 8 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:40 |
| 9 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:40 |
| 10 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:40 |
| 11 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:40 |
| 12 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:39 |
| 13 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:39 |
| 14 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:39 |
| 15 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:39 |
| 16 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:39 |
| 17 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:39 |
| 18 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:38 |
| 19 | 12.2 | 6:28 | 6:38 |
| 20 | 12.2 | 6:28 | 6:38 |
| 21 | 12.2 | 6:28 | 6:38 |
| 22 | 12.2 | 6:28 | 6:38 |
| 23 | 12.2 | 6:28 | 6:37 |
| 24 | 12.2 | 6:28 | 6:37 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:28 | 6:37 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:28 | 6:36 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:28 | 6:36 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:28 | 6:36 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.43 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.37 kWh/m² to a high of 5.32 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 4.43 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.4 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Goroka
In February, Goroka sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Goroka's rainy season runs November–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Goroka?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Goroka.
What to pack for Goroka in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Goroka sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 16°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: light clothes. About 27 days see rain.
UV index in Goroka in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Goroka peaks around March 11 at about 18 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 20 at about 12 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 17 | 17 | 18 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 18 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 13 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 15 | Extreme |
| Nov | 15 | Extreme |
| Dec | 15 | Extreme |
Air quality in Goroka in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Goroka is worst in July — around 41 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 6.5× the cleanest month (January, 6 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 19 | 41 | 27 | 19 | 13 | 10 | 7 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6 | Good |
| Feb | 6 | Good |
| Mar | 7 | Good |
| Apr | 7 | Good |
| May | 9 | Good |
| Jun | 19 | Moderate |
| Jul | 41 | Poor |
| Aug | 27 | Moderate |
| Sep | 19 | Moderate |
| Oct | 13 | Moderate |
| Nov | 10 | Good |
| Dec | 7 | Good |
Where is Goroka?
Goroka sits at 6.1°S, 145.4°E, 1,574 m above sea level, in Papua New Guinea. The nearest listed city is Madang, 106 km away.
Topography around Goroka
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Goroka.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Goroka has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 335 m around an average of 1,549 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,179 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,443 m.
The land around Goroka is covered by trees (71%) within 3 km, trees (76%) and grassland (23%) within 16 km, and trees (84%) within 80 km.
Papua New Guinea travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type I
- 240 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 58% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $3,020
- 2025
- Homicide rate
- 9.3
- per 100k, 2010
- Road deaths
- 12.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Goroka (-6.085°, 145.3867°, elevation 1,574 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).