Madang weather in February
In February, Madang sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 24°C, with 395 mm of rain across 26.4 wet days and about 12.2 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, and the air most often feels miserable.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Madang's 12th-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Madang's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 29°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 24°
- 10th coldest
- Rainfall
- 395 mm
- 26.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 12 min
- 6:26 AM – 6:37 PM
- Cloud cover
- 93%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 4.69 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 2.8
- out of 10
Madang is human settlement in Papua New Guinea.
- Founded
- 1884
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month.
A typical February day in Madang reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 24°C overnight — a 5°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 28°C and 31°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Avg low (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 29 | 24 |
| 2 | 29 | 24 |
| 3 | 29 | 24 |
| 4 | 29 | 24 |
| 5 | 29 | 24 |
| 6 | 29 | 24 |
| 7 | 29 | 24 |
| 8 | 29 | 24 |
| 9 | 29 | 24 |
| 10 | 29 | 24 |
| 11 | 29 | 24 |
| 12 | 29 | 24 |
| 13 | 29 | 24 |
| 14 | 29 | 24 |
| 15 | 29 | 24 |
| 16 | 29 | 24 |
| 17 | 29 | 24 |
| 18 | 29 | 24 |
| 19 | 29 | 24 |
| 20 | 29 | 24 |
| 21 | 29 | 24 |
| 22 | 29 | 24 |
| 23 | 29 | 24 |
| 24 | 29 | 24 |
| 25 | 29 | 24 |
| 26 | 29 | 24 |
| 27 | 29 | 24 |
| 28 | 29 | 24 |
How February really feels in Madang
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 28 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is heat — humidity pushes the afternoon "feels like" well above the raw temperature.
Madang weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 1st-warmest and 5th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29° / 24° | 430 | 28.8 | 12.3 | 2.9 |
| Feb | 29° / 24° | 395 | 26.4 | 12.2 | 2.8 |
| Mar | 29° / 24° | 466 | 28.2 | 12 | 3.0 |
| Apr | 29° / 24° | 414 | 27.4 | 11.9 | 3.1 |
| May | 29° / 24° | 262 | 24.4 | 11.8 | 3.7 |
| Jun | 28° / 24° | 150 | 20.6 | 11.7 | 4.1 |
| Jul | 28° / 24° | 169 | 20.5 | 11.7 | 4.4 |
| Aug | 28° / 24° | 151 | 17.6 | 11.8 | 4.7 |
| Sep | 29° / 24° | 151 | 17.3 | 12 | 4.5 |
| Oct | 29° / 24° | 229 | 22.1 | 12.1 | 3.9 |
| Nov | 29° / 24° | 337 | 25.9 | 12.2 | 3.3 |
| Dec | 29° / 24° | 427 | 29 | 12.3 | 2.9 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 1% of the time in February, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 3% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 97%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Cloudier (%) | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 98 |
| 2 | 2 | 98 |
| 3 | 2 | 98 |
| 4 | 2 | 98 |
| 5 | 2 | 98 |
| 6 | 2 | 98 |
| 7 | 2 | 98 |
| 8 | 3 | 97 |
| 9 | 3 | 97 |
| 10 | 3 | 97 |
| 11 | 4 | 96 |
| 12 | 4 | 96 |
| 13 | 4 | 96 |
| 14 | 4 | 96 |
| 15 | 4 | 96 |
| 16 | 4 | 96 |
| 17 | 4 | 96 |
| 18 | 4 | 96 |
| 19 | 4 | 96 |
| 20 | 4 | 96 |
| 21 | 4 | 96 |
| 22 | 4 | 96 |
| 23 | 4 | 96 |
| 24 | 4 | 96 |
| 25 | 3 | 97 |
| 26 | 3 | 97 |
| 27 | 3 | 97 |
| 28 | 3 | 97 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Madang gets around 395 mm of rain over 26.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 94% and peaks near 95% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 94 |
| 2 | 94 |
| 3 | 94 |
| 4 | 94 |
| 5 | 94 |
| 6 | 94 |
| 7 | 94 |
| 8 | 94 |
| 9 | 94 |
| 10 | 94 |
| 11 | 94 |
| 12 | 94 |
| 13 | 94 |
| 14 | 94 |
| 15 | 95 |
| 16 | 95 |
| 17 | 95 |
| 18 | 95 |
| 19 | 95 |
| 20 | 95 |
| 21 | 95 |
| 22 | 95 |
| 23 | 95 |
| 24 | 94 |
| 25 | 94 |
| 26 | 94 |
| 27 | 94 |
| 28 | 93 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels miserable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the miserable band about 53% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oppressive (%) | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 |
| Miserable (%) | 57 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 |
| Oppressive (%) | Miserable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 43 | 57 |
| 2 | 43 | 57 |
| 3 | 44 | 56 |
| 4 | 44 | 56 |
| 5 | 45 | 55 |
| 6 | 45 | 55 |
| 7 | 46 | 54 |
| 8 | 47 | 53 |
| 9 | 47 | 53 |
| 10 | 48 | 52 |
| 11 | 49 | 51 |
| 12 | 49 | 51 |
| 13 | 49 | 51 |
| 14 | 50 | 50 |
| 15 | 50 | 50 |
| 16 | 50 | 50 |
| 17 | 50 | 50 |
| 18 | 50 | 50 |
| 19 | 49 | 51 |
| 20 | 49 | 51 |
| 21 | 48 | 52 |
| 22 | 48 | 52 |
| 23 | 47 | 53 |
| 24 | 47 | 53 |
| 25 | 46 | 54 |
| 26 | 46 | 54 |
| 27 | 46 | 54 |
| 28 | 45 | 55 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February, the windiest month of the year.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 12 min at the start of February to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:24 AM to 6:27 AM, and sunset from 6:37 PM to 6:34 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:25 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.2 | 6:24 | 6:37 |
| 2 | 12.2 | 6:24 | 6:37 |
| 3 | 12.2 | 6:24 | 6:37 |
| 4 | 12.2 | 6:24 | 6:37 |
| 5 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:37 |
| 6 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:37 |
| 7 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:37 |
| 8 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:37 |
| 9 | 12.2 | 6:25 | 6:37 |
| 10 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:37 |
| 11 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:37 |
| 12 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:37 |
| 13 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:37 |
| 14 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:37 |
| 15 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:37 |
| 16 | 12.2 | 6:26 | 6:36 |
| 17 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:36 |
| 18 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:36 |
| 19 | 12.2 | 6:27 | 6:36 |
| 20 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:36 |
| 21 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:35 |
| 22 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:35 |
| 23 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:35 |
| 24 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:35 |
| 25 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:34 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:34 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:34 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 6:27 | 6:34 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 4.69 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.4 kWh/m² to a high of 5.37 kWh/m² in October across the year — February's 4.69 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.6 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 8 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 9 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 10 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 12 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 20 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 25 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 27 | 4.7 | Bright |
| 28 | 4.7 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Madang
In February, Madang sits inside its cyclone season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Madang sits in the South Indian Ocean cyclone belt; the season peaks January–March.
Is February a good time to visit Madang?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Madang.
What to pack for Madang in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Madang sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 24°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 26 days see rain.
Sea temperature near Madang in February
The nearest coast averages about 29°C in February — the other half of the beach question. The full-year curve and swim-comfort zones are below.
The sea at the nearest coast (about 15 km away) is warmest in December at about 30°C and coldest in August near 28°C.
The water stays above 20°C all year — warm enough for a swim any month.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea temperature (°C) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 |
| Comfort | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Warm | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical | Tropical |
| Sea temperature (°C) | Comfort | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 29 | Tropical |
| Feb | 29 | Tropical |
| Mar | 29 | Tropical |
| Apr | 29 | Tropical |
| May | 29 | Tropical |
| Jun | 29 | Tropical |
| Jul | 28 | Tropical |
| Aug | 28 | Warm |
| Sep | 28 | Tropical |
| Oct | 29 | Tropical |
| Nov | 29 | Tropical |
| Dec | 30 | Tropical |
UV index in Madang in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 16 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Madang peaks around March 13 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 21 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 17 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 13 | Extreme |
| Dec | 14 | Extreme |
Where is Madang?
Madang sits at 5.2°S, 145.8°E, 4 m above sea level, in Papua New Guinea. The nearest listed city is Goroka, 106 km away.
Topography around Madang
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Madang.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Madang has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 45 m around an average of 9 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 548 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,835 m.
The land around Madang is covered by trees (45%), water (25%) and grassland (21%) within 3 km, water (51%) and trees (47%) within 16 km, and trees (60%) and water (38%) within 80 km.
Papua New Guinea travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type I
- 240 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 58% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $3,020
- 2025
- Homicide rate
- 9.3
- per 100k, 2010
- Road deaths
- 12.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Madang (-5.2215°, 145.7869°, elevation 4 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. Tropical-cyclone seasons are the published climatological basin seasons (NOAA National Hurricane Center / regional warning centres). Sea temperatures are the NOAA OISST v2.1 1991–2020 monthly climatology (public domain), sampled at the nearest ocean point. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).