Mendi weather in June
In June, Mendi sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 13°C, with 468 mm of rain across 29.1 wet days and about 11.7 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in June, and the air most often feels comfortable.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 42 min at the start of June to 11 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, June is Mendi's 1st-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mendi's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 13°
- 7th coldest
- Rainfall
- 468 mm
- 29.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 36 min
- 6:36 AM – 6:15 PM
- Cloud cover
- 89%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.73 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.3
- out of 10
Mendi is capital city of Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in June
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month.
A typical June day in Mendi reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 13°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 19°C and 22°C. Set against its neighbours, June runs about 1°C cooler than May and on par with July.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Avg low (°C) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21 | 13 |
| 2 | 21 | 13 |
| 3 | 21 | 13 |
| 4 | 21 | 13 |
| 5 | 21 | 13 |
| 6 | 21 | 13 |
| 7 | 21 | 13 |
| 8 | 21 | 13 |
| 9 | 21 | 13 |
| 10 | 21 | 13 |
| 11 | 20 | 13 |
| 12 | 20 | 13 |
| 13 | 20 | 13 |
| 14 | 20 | 13 |
| 15 | 20 | 13 |
| 16 | 20 | 13 |
| 17 | 20 | 13 |
| 18 | 20 | 13 |
| 19 | 20 | 13 |
| 20 | 20 | 13 |
| 21 | 20 | 13 |
| 22 | 20 | 13 |
| 23 | 20 | 13 |
| 24 | 20 | 13 |
| 25 | 20 | 13 |
| 26 | 20 | 13 |
| 27 | 20 | 13 |
| 28 | 20 | 13 |
| 29 | 20 | 13 |
| 30 | 20 | 13 |
Mendi weather by month
How June compares with the rest of the year at a glance. June is the 9th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 22° / 13° | 450 | 29.4 | 12.3 | 3.4 |
| Feb | 22° / 13° | 427 | 26.8 | 12.2 | 3.4 |
| Mar | 21° / 13° | 504 | 29.9 | 12 | 3.3 |
| Apr | 21° / 14° | 583 | 29.2 | 11.9 | 3.3 |
| May | 21° / 13° | 557 | 29.9 | 11.7 | 3.4 |
| Jun | 20° / 13° | 468 | 29.1 | 11.7 | 3.3 |
| Jul | 20° / 13° | 412 | 29.7 | 11.7 | 3.3 |
| Aug | 20° / 13° | 480 | 29.6 | 11.8 | 3.3 |
| Sep | 20° / 13° | 567 | 28.4 | 12 | 3.4 |
| Oct | 21° / 13° | 591 | 28.7 | 12.1 | 3.5 |
| Nov | 22° / 13° | 486 | 28 | 12.3 | 3.5 |
| Dec | 22° / 13° | 452 | 29.3 | 12.4 | 3.4 |
Cloud cover in June
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 0% of the time in June, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 1% of June, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 98%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Cloudier (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 99 |
| 2 | 1 | 99 |
| 3 | 1 | 99 |
| 4 | 1 | 99 |
| 5 | 1 | 99 |
| 6 | 1 | 99 |
| 7 | 1 | 99 |
| 8 | 1 | 99 |
| 9 | 1 | 99 |
| 10 | 1 | 99 |
| 11 | 1 | 99 |
| 12 | 1 | 99 |
| 13 | 1 | 99 |
| 14 | 1 | 99 |
| 15 | 1 | 99 |
| 16 | 1 | 99 |
| 17 | 1 | 99 |
| 18 | 1 | 99 |
| 19 | 1 | 99 |
| 20 | 1 | 99 |
| 21 | 1 | 99 |
| 22 | 2 | 98 |
| 23 | 2 | 98 |
| 24 | 2 | 98 |
| 25 | 2 | 98 |
| 26 | 2 | 98 |
| 27 | 2 | 98 |
| 28 | 2 | 98 |
| 29 | 2 | 98 |
| 30 | 3 | 97 |
Chance of precipitation in June
Mendi gets around 468 mm of rain over 29.1 wet days in June. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 97% and peaks near 98% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 96 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 96 |
| 2 | 96 |
| 3 | 96 |
| 4 | 96 |
| 5 | 96 |
| 6 | 96 |
| 7 | 96 |
| 8 | 96 |
| 9 | 97 |
| 10 | 97 |
| 11 | 97 |
| 12 | 97 |
| 13 | 97 |
| 14 | 97 |
| 15 | 97 |
| 16 | 97 |
| 17 | 97 |
| 18 | 97 |
| 19 | 98 |
| 20 | 98 |
| 21 | 98 |
| 22 | 98 |
| 23 | 98 |
| 24 | 97 |
| 25 | 97 |
| 26 | 97 |
| 27 | 97 |
| 28 | 97 |
| 29 | 97 |
| 30 | 96 |
Humidity in June
Most of June feels comfortable — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, June lands in the comfortable band about 83% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Comfortable (%) | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 |
| Humid (%) | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 76 | 21 |
| 2 | 3 | 76 | 21 |
| 3 | 3 | 75 | 22 |
| 4 | 3 | 75 | 22 |
| 5 | 4 | 75 | 21 |
| 6 | 4 | 75 | 21 |
| 7 | 4 | 75 | 21 |
| 8 | 4 | 76 | 20 |
| 9 | 4 | 76 | 20 |
| 10 | 4 | 77 | 19 |
| 11 | 4 | 78 | 18 |
| 12 | 4 | 79 | 17 |
| 13 | 4 | 80 | 16 |
| 14 | 3 | 82 | 15 |
| 15 | 3 | 83 | 14 |
| 16 | 3 | 83 | 14 |
| 17 | 3 | 84 | 13 |
| 18 | 3 | 85 | 12 |
| 19 | 2 | 87 | 11 |
| 20 | 2 | 87 | 11 |
| 21 | 2 | 88 | 10 |
| 22 | 2 | 89 | 9 |
| 23 | 2 | 89 | 9 |
| 24 | 2 | 90 | 8 |
| 25 | 2 | 91 | 7 |
| 26 | 2 | 91 | 7 |
| 27 | 3 | 91 | 6 |
| 28 | 3 | 91 | 6 |
| 29 | 3 | 92 | 5 |
| 30 | 3 | 92 | 5 |
Wind in June
Winds average 4 km/h in June.
Across June, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
| 29 | 4 | calm |
| 30 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in June
Daylight runs from about 11 h 42 min at the start of June to 11 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over June. Sunrise moves from 6:33 AM to 6:39 AM, and sunset from 6:13 PM to 6:18 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:13 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:14 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:15 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:16 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:17 | 6:18 | 6:18 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.7 | 6:33 | 6:13 |
| 2 | 11.7 | 6:33 | 6:13 |
| 3 | 11.7 | 6:33 | 6:13 |
| 4 | 11.7 | 6:33 | 6:13 |
| 5 | 11.7 | 6:34 | 6:13 |
| 6 | 11.7 | 6:34 | 6:13 |
| 7 | 11.7 | 6:34 | 6:14 |
| 8 | 11.7 | 6:34 | 6:14 |
| 9 | 11.7 | 6:35 | 6:14 |
| 10 | 11.7 | 6:35 | 6:14 |
| 11 | 11.7 | 6:35 | 6:14 |
| 12 | 11.6 | 6:35 | 6:14 |
| 13 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:14 |
| 14 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:15 |
| 15 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:15 |
| 16 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:15 |
| 17 | 11.6 | 6:36 | 6:15 |
| 18 | 11.6 | 6:37 | 6:15 |
| 19 | 11.6 | 6:37 | 6:16 |
| 20 | 11.6 | 6:37 | 6:16 |
| 21 | 11.6 | 6:37 | 6:16 |
| 22 | 11.6 | 6:38 | 6:16 |
| 23 | 11.6 | 6:38 | 6:16 |
| 24 | 11.6 | 6:38 | 6:17 |
| 25 | 11.6 | 6:38 | 6:17 |
| 26 | 11.6 | 6:38 | 6:17 |
| 27 | 11.6 | 6:39 | 6:17 |
| 28 | 11.6 | 6:39 | 6:17 |
| 29 | 11.6 | 6:39 | 6:18 |
| 30 | 11.6 | 6:39 | 6:18 |
Solar energy in June
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in June, about 3.73 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.57 kWh/m² to a high of 4.88 kWh/m² in November across the year — June's 3.73 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 2 | 4.0 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.9 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.8 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.7 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 29 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 30 | 3.6 | Moderate |
Is June a good time to visit Mendi?
Our two travel scores rate June for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
June is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Mendi.
What to pack for Mendi in June
From June's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In June, Mendi sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 13°C. Pack rain gear. About 29 days see rain.
UV index in Mendi in June
Clear-sky midday UV in June peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mendi peaks around March 14 at about 18 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 19 at about 12 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 17 | 17 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 18 | Extreme |
| Apr | 16 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 16 | Extreme |
| Oct | 16 | Extreme |
| Nov | 16 | Extreme |
| Dec | 15 | Extreme |
Where is Mendi?
Mendi sits at 6.1°S, 143.7°E, 1,729 m above sea level, in Papua New Guinea. The nearest listed city is Mount Hagen, 71 km away.
Topography around Mendi
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mendi.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mendi has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 889 m around an average of 1,903 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,714 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 4,228 m.
The land around Mendi is covered by trees (63%) and grassland (33%) within 3 km, trees (80%) within 16 km, and trees (87%) within 80 km.
Papua New Guinea travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type I
- 240 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 58% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $3,020
- 2025
- Homicide rate
- 9.3
- per 100k, 2010
- Road deaths
- 12.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mendi (-6.1475°, 143.6563°, elevation 1,729 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).