Arequipa weather in January
In January, Arequipa sees average daytime highs of 17°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 199 mm of rain across 27.1 wet days and about 12.9 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 17°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in January, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 13 hours at the start of January to 12 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, January is Arequipa's 11th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Arequipa's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 17°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 11th coldest
- Rainfall
- 199 mm
- 27.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 54 min
- 5:29 AM – 6:22 PM
- Cloud cover
- 87%
- 11th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.86 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.2
- out of 10
Arequipa is city of Peru, capital of Arequipa region.
- Density
- 1,840/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1540
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in January
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 17°C through the month.
A typical January day in Arequipa reaches about 17°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 7°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 15°C and 20°C. Set against its neighbours, January runs about 2°C cooler than December and on par with February.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | 10 |
| 2 | 18 | 10 |
| 3 | 18 | 10 |
| 4 | 18 | 10 |
| 5 | 17 | 10 |
| 6 | 17 | 10 |
| 7 | 17 | 10 |
| 8 | 17 | 10 |
| 9 | 17 | 10 |
| 10 | 17 | 10 |
| 11 | 17 | 10 |
| 12 | 17 | 10 |
| 13 | 17 | 10 |
| 14 | 17 | 10 |
| 15 | 17 | 10 |
| 16 | 17 | 10 |
| 17 | 17 | 10 |
| 18 | 17 | 10 |
| 19 | 17 | 10 |
| 20 | 17 | 10 |
| 21 | 17 | 10 |
| 22 | 17 | 10 |
| 23 | 17 | 10 |
| 24 | 17 | 10 |
| 25 | 17 | 10 |
| 26 | 17 | 10 |
| 27 | 17 | 10 |
| 28 | 17 | 10 |
| 29 | 17 | 10 |
| 30 | 17 | 10 |
| 31 | 17 | 10 |
Arequipa weather by month
How January compares with the rest of the year at a glance. January is the 10th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17° / 10° | 199 | 27.1 | 12.9 | 3.2 |
| Feb | 17° / 10° | 225 | 26.9 | 12.6 | 2.8 |
| Mar | 17° / 10° | 183 | 27.6 | 12.1 | 3.1 |
| Apr | 18° / 9° | 59 | 14 | 11.6 | 5.4 |
| May | 20° / 8° | 6 | 1.6 | 11.2 | 8.0 |
| Jun | 20° / 7° | 1 | 0.2 | 11 | 8.4 |
| Jul | 19° / 6° | 1 | 0.4 | 11.1 | 8.4 |
| Aug | 20° / 7° | 2 | 0.6 | 11.5 | 8.5 |
| Sep | 21° / 9° | 3 | 0.8 | 11.9 | 8.4 |
| Oct | 21° / 10° | 7 | 2 | 12.4 | 7.9 |
| Nov | 20° / 10° | 12 | 3.5 | 12.8 | 7.3 |
| Dec | 19° / 10° | 64 | 12.9 | 13 | 5.5 |
Cloud cover in January
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in January.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 5% of January, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 93%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Cloudier (%) | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | 90 |
| 2 | 9 | 91 |
| 3 | 9 | 91 |
| 4 | 9 | 91 |
| 5 | 9 | 91 |
| 6 | 7 | 93 |
| 7 | 7 | 93 |
| 8 | 7 | 93 |
| 9 | 7 | 93 |
| 10 | 7 | 93 |
| 11 | 6 | 94 |
| 12 | 6 | 94 |
| 13 | 6 | 94 |
| 14 | 6 | 94 |
| 15 | 5 | 95 |
| 16 | 5 | 95 |
| 17 | 5 | 95 |
| 18 | 5 | 95 |
| 19 | 5 | 95 |
| 20 | 5 | 95 |
| 21 | 5 | 95 |
| 22 | 5 | 95 |
| 23 | 6 | 94 |
| 24 | 6 | 94 |
| 25 | 6 | 94 |
| 26 | 6 | 94 |
| 27 | 6 | 94 |
| 28 | 6 | 94 |
| 29 | 6 | 94 |
| 30 | 6 | 94 |
| 31 | 6 | 94 |
Chance of precipitation in January
Arequipa gets around 199 mm of rain over 27.1 wet days in January. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 87% and peaks near 92% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 75 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 75 |
| 2 | 77 |
| 3 | 78 |
| 4 | 79 |
| 5 | 80 |
| 6 | 81 |
| 7 | 82 |
| 8 | 83 |
| 9 | 84 |
| 10 | 85 |
| 11 | 86 |
| 12 | 87 |
| 13 | 88 |
| 14 | 89 |
| 15 | 89 |
| 16 | 90 |
| 17 | 90 |
| 18 | 91 |
| 19 | 91 |
| 20 | 91 |
| 21 | 91 |
| 22 | 91 |
| 23 | 91 |
| 24 | 92 |
| 25 | 92 |
| 26 | 92 |
| 27 | 92 |
| 28 | 92 |
| 29 | 92 |
| 30 | 92 |
| 31 | 92 |
Humidity in January
Most of January feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, January lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 100 | 0 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 100 | 0 |
| 11 | 100 | 0 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 |
| 27 | 99 | 1 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 |
| 29 | 100 | 0 |
| 30 | 100 | 0 |
| 31 | 100 | 0 |
Wind in January
Winds average 6 km/h in January.
Across January, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 5 | calm |
| 30 | 5 | calm |
| 31 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in January
Daylight runs from about 13 hours at the start of January to 12 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 18 minutes over January. Sunrise moves from 5:20 AM to 5:37 AM, and sunset from 6:18 PM to 6:22 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.9 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:20 | 5:21 | 5:22 | 5:22 | 5:23 | 5:23 | 5:24 | 5:24 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:27 | 5:28 | 5:28 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:32 | 5:33 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:35 | 5:36 | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:37 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 13.0 | 5:20 | 6:18 |
| 2 | 13.0 | 5:21 | 6:18 |
| 3 | 13.0 | 5:22 | 6:19 |
| 4 | 13.0 | 5:22 | 6:19 |
| 5 | 12.9 | 5:23 | 6:19 |
| 6 | 12.9 | 5:23 | 6:20 |
| 7 | 12.9 | 5:24 | 6:20 |
| 8 | 12.9 | 5:24 | 6:20 |
| 9 | 12.9 | 5:25 | 6:21 |
| 10 | 12.9 | 5:26 | 6:21 |
| 11 | 12.9 | 5:26 | 6:21 |
| 12 | 12.9 | 5:27 | 6:21 |
| 13 | 12.9 | 5:27 | 6:21 |
| 14 | 12.9 | 5:28 | 6:22 |
| 15 | 12.9 | 5:28 | 6:22 |
| 16 | 12.9 | 5:29 | 6:22 |
| 17 | 12.9 | 5:30 | 6:22 |
| 18 | 12.9 | 5:30 | 6:22 |
| 19 | 12.9 | 5:31 | 6:22 |
| 20 | 12.8 | 5:31 | 6:22 |
| 21 | 12.8 | 5:32 | 6:22 |
| 22 | 12.8 | 5:33 | 6:22 |
| 23 | 12.8 | 5:33 | 6:22 |
| 24 | 12.8 | 5:34 | 6:22 |
| 25 | 12.8 | 5:34 | 6:22 |
| 26 | 12.8 | 5:35 | 6:22 |
| 27 | 12.8 | 5:35 | 6:22 |
| 28 | 12.8 | 5:36 | 6:22 |
| 29 | 12.8 | 5:36 | 6:22 |
| 30 | 12.7 | 5:37 | 6:22 |
| 31 | 12.7 | 5:37 | 6:22 |
Solar energy in January
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in January, about 5.86 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.28 kWh/m² to a high of 8.26 kWh/m² in November across the year — January's 5.86 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 31 | 5.5 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Arequipa
In January, Arequipa sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Arequipa's monsoon runs January–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is January a good time to visit Arequipa?
Our two travel scores rate January for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
January is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Arequipa.
What to pack for Arequipa in January
From January's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In January, Arequipa sees daytime highs around 17°C and nights near 10°C. Pack rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 27 days see rain.
UV index in Arequipa in January
Clear-sky midday UV in January peaks around 17 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Arequipa peaks around February 8 at about 17 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 21 at about 9 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 17 | 17 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 15 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 17 | Extreme |
| Feb | 17 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 16 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 15 | Extreme |
Where is Arequipa?
Arequipa sits at 16.4°S, 71.5°W, 2,397 m above sea level, in Peru. The nearest listed city is Selva Alegre, 3.0 km away.
Topography around Arequipa
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Arequipa.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Arequipa has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 267 m around an average of 2,361 m above sea level; within 16 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,004 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 6,186 m.
The land around Arequipa is covered by artificial surfaces (73%) within 3 km, bare terrain (44%) and shrubs (27%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (66%) and grassland (20%) within 80 km.
Peru travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 51% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,684
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.6
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 13.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 519
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Arequipa (-16.399°, -71.5375°, elevation 2,397 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).