La Rinconada weather in September
In September, La Rinconada sees average daytime highs of 9°C and overnight lows near -3°C, with 59 mm of precipitation across 18.4 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 9°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 19% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 42 min at the start of September to 12 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is La Rinconada's 5th-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see La Rinconada's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 9°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- -3°
- 4th coldest
- Precipitation
- 59 mm
- 18.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 5:35 AM – 5:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 63%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 7 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.06 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.4
- out of 10
La Rinconada is town in Peru, considered highest elevated human settlement in the world.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 9°C through the month.
A typical September day in La Rinconada reaches about 9°C in the afternoon and slips back to -3°C overnight — a 12°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 6°C and 11°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs on par with August and on par with October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Avg low (°C) | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | -4 |
| 2 | 9 | -4 |
| 3 | 9 | -4 |
| 4 | 9 | -4 |
| 5 | 9 | -4 |
| 6 | 9 | -4 |
| 7 | 9 | -4 |
| 8 | 9 | -4 |
| 9 | 9 | -4 |
| 10 | 9 | -4 |
| 11 | 9 | -3 |
| 12 | 9 | -3 |
| 13 | 9 | -3 |
| 14 | 9 | -3 |
| 15 | 9 | -3 |
| 16 | 9 | -3 |
| 17 | 9 | -3 |
| 18 | 9 | -3 |
| 19 | 9 | -3 |
| 20 | 9 | -3 |
| 21 | 9 | -3 |
| 22 | 9 | -3 |
| 23 | 9 | -3 |
| 24 | 9 | -3 |
| 25 | 9 | -3 |
| 26 | 9 | -2 |
| 27 | 9 | -2 |
| 28 | 9 | -2 |
| 29 | 9 | -2 |
| 30 | 9 | -2 |
How September really feels in La Rinconada
Once humidity and wind are folded in, September averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 30 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in September is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
La Rinconada weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 8th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9° / -0° | 201 | 29.1 | 17.2 | 12.8 | 0.9 |
| Feb | 9° / -0° | 185 | 26.3 | 15.3 | 12.5 | 0.9 |
| Mar | 9° / -1° | 139 | 27.6 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 1.1 |
| Apr | 9° / -1° | 77 | 21 | 6.8 | 11.7 | 1.4 |
| May | 9° / -3° | 35 | 12.1 | 2.9 | 11.3 | 1.7 |
| Jun | 8° / -4° | 18 | 6.2 | 2.3 | 11.2 | 1.7 |
| Jul | 8° / -5° | 19 | 6.8 | 3.1 | 11.2 | 1.6 |
| Aug | 9° / -5° | 32 | 11.1 | 4.3 | 11.5 | 1.6 |
| Sep | 9° / -3° | 59 | 18.4 | 7.7 | 11.9 | 1.4 |
| Oct | 9° / -2° | 102 | 22.9 | 10.1 | 12.3 | 1.4 |
| Nov | 10° / -1° | 116 | 22.7 | 9.2 | 12.7 | 1.5 |
| Dec | 9° / -0° | 184 | 27.8 | 14.2 | 12.9 | 1.1 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 19% of the time in September.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 24% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 57%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 60 | 60 | 58 | 57 | 56 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 49 | 48 | 45 | 45 | 43 | 41 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Cloudier (%) | 40 | 40 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 51 | 52 | 55 | 55 | 57 | 59 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 60 | 40 |
| 2 | 60 | 40 |
| 3 | 58 | 42 |
| 4 | 57 | 43 |
| 5 | 56 | 44 |
| 6 | 55 | 45 |
| 7 | 54 | 46 |
| 8 | 53 | 47 |
| 9 | 52 | 48 |
| 10 | 51 | 49 |
| 11 | 49 | 51 |
| 12 | 48 | 52 |
| 13 | 45 | 55 |
| 14 | 45 | 55 |
| 15 | 43 | 57 |
| 16 | 41 | 59 |
| 17 | 39 | 61 |
| 18 | 38 | 62 |
| 19 | 37 | 63 |
| 20 | 35 | 65 |
| 21 | 34 | 66 |
| 22 | 34 | 66 |
| 23 | 33 | 67 |
| 24 | 32 | 68 |
| 25 | 32 | 68 |
| 26 | 31 | 69 |
| 27 | 31 | 69 |
| 28 | 30 | 70 |
| 29 | 30 | 70 |
| 30 | 30 | 70 |
Chance of precipitation in September
La Rinconada gets around 59 mm of rain and snow over 18.4 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 60% and peaks near 70% on the wettest days, and about 8 days bring snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 48 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
| Snow chance (%) | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 29 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 48 | 20 |
| 2 | 49 | 20 |
| 3 | 50 | 21 |
| 4 | 50 | 21 |
| 5 | 51 | 22 |
| 6 | 52 | 22 |
| 7 | 53 | 23 |
| 8 | 53 | 23 |
| 9 | 54 | 24 |
| 10 | 55 | 24 |
| 11 | 55 | 24 |
| 12 | 56 | 24 |
| 13 | 57 | 24 |
| 14 | 58 | 24 |
| 15 | 60 | 24 |
| 16 | 61 | 25 |
| 17 | 62 | 25 |
| 18 | 64 | 25 |
| 19 | 65 | 26 |
| 20 | 66 | 26 |
| 21 | 66 | 26 |
| 22 | 67 | 26 |
| 23 | 68 | 26 |
| 24 | 68 | 27 |
| 25 | 68 | 27 |
| 26 | 69 | 27 |
| 27 | 69 | 27 |
| 28 | 70 | 28 |
| 29 | 70 | 28 |
| 30 | 70 | 29 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in September
Winds average 7 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 7 | calm |
| 17 | 7 | calm |
| 18 | 7 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
| 29 | 7 | calm |
| 30 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 42 min at the start of September to 12 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 24 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 5:46 AM to 5:24 AM, and sunset from 5:29 PM to 5:31 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 5:46 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:44 | 5:43 | 5:42 | 5:42 | 5:41 | 5:40 | 5:39 | 5:38 | 5:38 | 5:37 | 5:36 | 5:35 | 5:35 | 5:34 | 5:33 | 5:32 | 5:31 | 5:31 | 5:30 | 5:29 | 5:28 | 5:27 | 5:27 | 5:26 | 5:25 | 5:24 | 5:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:30 | 5:31 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.7 | 5:46 | 5:29 |
| 2 | 11.7 | 5:45 | 5:29 |
| 3 | 11.7 | 5:45 | 5:29 |
| 4 | 11.8 | 5:44 | 5:29 |
| 5 | 11.8 | 5:43 | 5:29 |
| 6 | 11.8 | 5:42 | 5:29 |
| 7 | 11.8 | 5:42 | 5:29 |
| 8 | 11.8 | 5:41 | 5:29 |
| 9 | 11.8 | 5:40 | 5:29 |
| 10 | 11.8 | 5:39 | 5:29 |
| 11 | 11.8 | 5:38 | 5:29 |
| 12 | 11.9 | 5:38 | 5:30 |
| 13 | 11.9 | 5:37 | 5:30 |
| 14 | 11.9 | 5:36 | 5:30 |
| 15 | 11.9 | 5:35 | 5:30 |
| 16 | 11.9 | 5:35 | 5:30 |
| 17 | 11.9 | 5:34 | 5:30 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 5:33 | 5:30 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 5:32 | 5:30 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 5:31 | 5:30 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 5:31 | 5:30 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 5:30 | 5:30 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 5:29 | 5:30 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 5:28 | 5:30 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 5:27 | 5:30 |
| 26 | 12.1 | 5:27 | 5:30 |
| 27 | 12.1 | 5:26 | 5:30 |
| 28 | 12.1 | 5:25 | 5:30 |
| 29 | 12.1 | 5:24 | 5:30 |
| 30 | 12.1 | 5:24 | 5:31 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 6.06 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.02 kWh/m² to a high of 6.27 kWh/m² in October across the year — September's 6.06 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 2 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.2 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for La Rinconada
None of La Rinconada's seasonal hazards are active in September. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
La Rinconada's monsoon runs October–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit La Rinconada?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in La Rinconada.
What to pack for La Rinconada in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, La Rinconada sees daytime highs around 9°C and nights near -3°C. Pack a warm layer, rain gear and sun protection. About 18 days see rain.
UV index in La Rinconada in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in La Rinconada peaks around January 23 at about 20 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 23 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 20 | 20 | 18 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 17 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 20 | Extreme |
| Feb | 20 | Extreme |
| Mar | 18 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 15 | Extreme |
| Oct | 17 | Extreme |
| Nov | 18 | Extreme |
| Dec | 17 | Extreme |
Where is La Rinconada?
La Rinconada sits at 14.6°S, 69.4°W, 5,022 m above sea level, in Peru. The nearest listed city is San Miguel, 119 km away.
Topography around La Rinconada
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of La Rinconada.
Within 3 km, the terrain around La Rinconada has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,196 m around an average of 4,993 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,375 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 5,196 m.
The land around La Rinconada is covered by bare terrain (45%) and grassland (30%) within 3 km, grassland (67%) and bare terrain (26%) within 16 km, and grassland (64%) and trees (26%) within 80 km.
Peru travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B / C
- 220 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 51% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $9,684
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 49%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 8.6
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 13.6
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 519
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for La Rinconada (-14.6313°, -69.4464°, elevation 5,022 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).