Covilhã weather in February
In February, Covilhã sees average daytime highs of 12°C and overnight lows near 4°C, with 78 mm of precipitation across 8.4 wet days and about 10.4 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 12°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 37% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 54 min at the start of February to 11 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Covilhã's 5th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Covilhã's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 12°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 4°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 78 mm
- 8.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 24 min
- 7:32 AM – 5:57 PM
- Cloud cover
- 55%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 3.02 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.0
- out of 10
Covilhã is human settlement in Portugal.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 11°C in the first days to 12°C by the end.
A typical February day in Covilhã reaches about 12°C in the afternoon and slips back to 4°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 7°C and 16°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| Avg low (°C) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | 3 |
| 2 | 11 | 3 |
| 3 | 11 | 3 |
| 4 | 11 | 3 |
| 5 | 11 | 3 |
| 6 | 11 | 3 |
| 7 | 11 | 3 |
| 8 | 11 | 3 |
| 9 | 11 | 3 |
| 10 | 11 | 3 |
| 11 | 11 | 3 |
| 12 | 11 | 3 |
| 13 | 11 | 3 |
| 14 | 11 | 3 |
| 15 | 12 | 3 |
| 16 | 12 | 3 |
| 17 | 12 | 3 |
| 18 | 12 | 3 |
| 19 | 12 | 4 |
| 20 | 12 | 4 |
| 21 | 12 | 4 |
| 22 | 12 | 4 |
| 23 | 12 | 4 |
| 24 | 12 | 4 |
| 25 | 12 | 4 |
| 26 | 12 | 4 |
| 27 | 12 | 4 |
| 28 | 13 | 4 |
Covilhã weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 8th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10° / 3° | 111 | 10.4 | 0.7 | 9.5 | 2.2 |
| Feb | 12° / 4° | 78 | 8.4 | 0.7 | 10.4 | 3.0 |
| Mar | 15° / 6° | 94 | 9.9 | 0.2 | 11.7 | 4.4 |
| Apr | 16° / 7° | 95 | 11.6 | 0.1 | 13 | 5.0 |
| May | 20° / 10° | 89 | 10.7 | 0 | 14.2 | 6.3 |
| Jun | 25° / 13° | 31 | 5.5 | 0 | 14.8 | 7.8 |
| Jul | 28° / 16° | 14 | 3.2 | 0 | 14.6 | 7.4 |
| Aug | 28° / 16° | 19 | 3.9 | 0 | 13.6 | 7.3 |
| Sep | 24° / 13° | 63 | 6.6 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.6 |
| Oct | 18° / 10° | 144 | 11.2 | 0 | 10.9 | 5.8 |
| Nov | 13° / 6° | 121 | 11.3 | 0.2 | 9.8 | 3.6 |
| Dec | 10° / 4° | 124 | 10.5 | 0.2 | 9.2 | 2.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 37% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 11% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 53%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 |
| Cloudier (%) | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 53 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 47 | 53 |
| 2 | 47 | 53 |
| 3 | 46 | 54 |
| 4 | 46 | 54 |
| 5 | 46 | 54 |
| 6 | 46 | 54 |
| 7 | 46 | 54 |
| 8 | 46 | 54 |
| 9 | 46 | 54 |
| 10 | 46 | 54 |
| 11 | 47 | 53 |
| 12 | 47 | 53 |
| 13 | 47 | 53 |
| 14 | 48 | 52 |
| 15 | 48 | 52 |
| 16 | 48 | 52 |
| 17 | 49 | 51 |
| 18 | 49 | 51 |
| 19 | 50 | 50 |
| 20 | 50 | 50 |
| 21 | 50 | 50 |
| 22 | 50 | 50 |
| 23 | 48 | 52 |
| 24 | 48 | 52 |
| 25 | 48 | 52 |
| 26 | 47 | 53 |
| 27 | 47 | 53 |
| 28 | 47 | 53 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Covilhã gets around 78 mm of rain and snow over 8.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 30% and peaks near 32% on the wettest days, and about 1 day brings snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Snow chance (%) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 32 | 2 |
| 2 | 32 | 2 |
| 3 | 32 | 2 |
| 4 | 32 | 2 |
| 5 | 32 | 2 |
| 6 | 31 | 2 |
| 7 | 31 | 2 |
| 8 | 31 | 2 |
| 9 | 31 | 2 |
| 10 | 31 | 2 |
| 11 | 30 | 2 |
| 12 | 30 | 2 |
| 13 | 30 | 2 |
| 14 | 30 | 3 |
| 15 | 30 | 3 |
| 16 | 30 | 3 |
| 17 | 30 | 3 |
| 18 | 30 | 3 |
| 19 | 29 | 3 |
| 20 | 29 | 3 |
| 21 | 30 | 3 |
| 22 | 30 | 3 |
| 23 | 30 | 3 |
| 24 | 30 | 3 |
| 25 | 30 | 2 |
| 26 | 30 | 2 |
| 27 | 30 | 2 |
| 28 | 30 | 2 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 9 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 9 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | calm |
| 2 | 9 | calm |
| 3 | 9 | calm |
| 4 | 9 | calm |
| 5 | 9 | calm |
| 6 | 9 | calm |
| 7 | 9 | calm |
| 8 | 9 | calm |
| 9 | 9 | calm |
| 10 | 9 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 54 min at the start of February to 11 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 66 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:47 AM to 7:15 AM, and sunset from 5:40 PM to 6:12 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:47 | 7:46 | 7:45 | 7:44 | 7:43 | 7:42 | 7:41 | 7:40 | 7:39 | 7:38 | 7:37 | 7:36 | 7:35 | 7:33 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:16 | 7:15 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:11 | 6:12 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.9 | 7:47 | 5:40 |
| 2 | 9.9 | 7:46 | 5:41 |
| 3 | 10.0 | 7:45 | 5:43 |
| 4 | 10.0 | 7:44 | 5:44 |
| 5 | 10.0 | 7:43 | 5:45 |
| 6 | 10.1 | 7:42 | 5:46 |
| 7 | 10.1 | 7:41 | 5:47 |
| 8 | 10.1 | 7:40 | 5:49 |
| 9 | 10.2 | 7:39 | 5:50 |
| 10 | 10.2 | 7:38 | 5:51 |
| 11 | 10.3 | 7:37 | 5:52 |
| 12 | 10.3 | 7:36 | 5:53 |
| 13 | 10.3 | 7:35 | 5:55 |
| 14 | 10.4 | 7:33 | 5:56 |
| 15 | 10.4 | 7:32 | 5:57 |
| 16 | 10.5 | 7:31 | 5:58 |
| 17 | 10.5 | 7:30 | 5:59 |
| 18 | 10.5 | 7:29 | 6:00 |
| 19 | 10.6 | 7:27 | 6:02 |
| 20 | 10.6 | 7:26 | 6:03 |
| 21 | 10.7 | 7:25 | 6:04 |
| 22 | 10.7 | 7:23 | 6:05 |
| 23 | 10.7 | 7:22 | 6:06 |
| 24 | 10.8 | 7:20 | 6:08 |
| 25 | 10.8 | 7:19 | 6:09 |
| 26 | 10.9 | 7:18 | 6:10 |
| 27 | 10.9 | 7:16 | 6:11 |
| 28 | 11.0 | 7:15 | 6:12 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 3.02 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.74 kWh/m² to a high of 7.61 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 3.02 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 14 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 15 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 16 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 17 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 18 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 19 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 20 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 21 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 22 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 23 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 24 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.5 | Moderate |
Hazard calendar for Covilhã
In February, Covilhã sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Covilhã's rainy season runs October–May, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Covilhã?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Covilhã.
What to pack for Covilhã in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Covilhã sees daytime highs around 12°C and nights near 4°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: rain gear. About 8 days see rain.
UV index in Covilhã in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 3. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Covilhã peaks around July 16 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 20 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | High | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 5 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Air quality in Covilhã in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Covilhã is worst in August — around 40 µg/m³ PM2.5 (poor), about 6.0× the cleanest month (November, 7 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 8 | 10 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 40 | 13 | 26 | 7 | 7 |
| Level | Good | Good | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 8 | Good |
| Feb | 10 | Good |
| Mar | 13 | Moderate |
| Apr | 10 | Good |
| May | 8 | Good |
| Jun | 10 | Good |
| Jul | 11 | Good |
| Aug | 40 | Poor |
| Sep | 13 | Moderate |
| Oct | 26 | Moderate |
| Nov | 7 | Good |
| Dec | 7 | Good |
Where is Covilhã?
Covilhã sits at 40.3°N, 7.5°W, 700 m above sea level, in Portugal. The nearest listed city is Guarda, 35 km away.
Topography around Covilhã
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Covilhã.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Covilhã has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 942 m around an average of 716 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,614 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,975 m.
The land around Covilhã is covered by grassland (42%) and trees (33%) within 3 km, grassland (53%) and trees (35%) within 16 km, and grassland (47%) and trees (46%) within 80 km.
Portugal travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / E / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 60% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $32,082
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 95%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2022
- Road deaths
- 8.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Very high
- EF EPI 612
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Covilhã (40.2811°, -7.505°, elevation 700 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).