Angarsk weather in February
In February, Angarsk sees average daytime highs of -9°C and overnight lows near -22°C, with 4 mm of precipitation across 1.3 wet days and about 9.5 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about -13°C in the first days to -6°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 8 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Angarsk's 3rd-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Angarsk's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -9°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -22°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 4 mm
- 1.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 h 30 min
- 8:33 AM – 6:05 PM
- Cloud cover
- 59%
- 3rd clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.3 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Angarsk is city in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia.
- Density
- 827/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1948
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about -13°C in the first days to -6°C by the end.
A typical February day in Angarsk reaches about -9°C in the afternoon and slips back to -22°C overnight — a 13°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -17°C and -2°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 6°C warmer than January and about 10°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -13 | -13 | -13 | -13 | -12 | -12 | -12 | -12 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -5 | -5 |
| Avg low (°C) | -25 | -25 | -25 | -25 | -24 | -24 | -24 | -24 | -24 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -22 | -22 | -22 | -22 | -21 | -21 | -21 | -21 | -20 | -20 | -20 | -20 | -19 | -19 | -19 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -13 | -25 |
| 2 | -13 | -25 |
| 3 | -13 | -25 |
| 4 | -13 | -25 |
| 5 | -12 | -24 |
| 6 | -12 | -24 |
| 7 | -12 | -24 |
| 8 | -12 | -24 |
| 9 | -11 | -24 |
| 10 | -11 | -23 |
| 11 | -11 | -23 |
| 12 | -10 | -23 |
| 13 | -10 | -23 |
| 14 | -10 | -22 |
| 15 | -9 | -22 |
| 16 | -9 | -22 |
| 17 | -9 | -22 |
| 18 | -8 | -21 |
| 19 | -8 | -21 |
| 20 | -8 | -21 |
| 21 | -7 | -21 |
| 22 | -7 | -20 |
| 23 | -7 | -20 |
| 24 | -6 | -20 |
| 25 | -6 | -20 |
| 26 | -6 | -19 |
| 27 | -5 | -19 |
| 28 | -5 | -19 |
How February really feels in Angarsk
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Angarsk weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -15° / -25° | 4 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 8 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -9° / -22° | 4 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 9.5 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 0° / -13° | 8 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 11.5 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 10° / -3° | 19 | 5.5 | 2.5 | 13.6 | 2.6 |
| May | 18° / 4° | 34 | 8.2 | 0.6 | 15.5 | 5.9 |
| Jun | 24° / 11° | 59 | 9.8 | 0 | 16.5 | 6.8 |
| Jul | 25° / 14° | 82 | 11.8 | 0 | 16.1 | 6.4 |
| Aug | 23° / 12° | 85 | 11 | 0 | 14.5 | 6.5 |
| Sep | 16° / 5° | 51 | 9.7 | 0.3 | 12.4 | 4.9 |
| Oct | 7° / -4° | 18 | 5.1 | 2.8 | 10.3 | 1.2 |
| Nov | -5° / -13° | 10 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 8.5 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -13° / -22° | 8 | 3.1 | 4.4 | 7.5 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 54%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 45 | 45 |
| Cloudier (%) | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 55 | 55 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 48 | 52 |
| 2 | 48 | 52 |
| 3 | 49 | 51 |
| 4 | 49 | 51 |
| 5 | 49 | 51 |
| 6 | 49 | 51 |
| 7 | 48 | 52 |
| 8 | 48 | 52 |
| 9 | 48 | 52 |
| 10 | 47 | 53 |
| 11 | 46 | 54 |
| 12 | 46 | 54 |
| 13 | 45 | 55 |
| 14 | 45 | 55 |
| 15 | 45 | 55 |
| 16 | 44 | 56 |
| 17 | 43 | 57 |
| 18 | 44 | 56 |
| 19 | 44 | 56 |
| 20 | 44 | 56 |
| 21 | 44 | 56 |
| 22 | 44 | 56 |
| 23 | 44 | 56 |
| 24 | 45 | 55 |
| 25 | 45 | 55 |
| 26 | 46 | 54 |
| 27 | 45 | 55 |
| 28 | 45 | 55 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Angarsk gets around 4 mm of rain and snow over 1.3 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 5% and peaks near 7% on the wettest days, and about 3 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| Snow chance (%) | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | 9 |
| 2 | 4 | 9 |
| 3 | 4 | 9 |
| 4 | 4 | 9 |
| 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 6 | 5 | 10 |
| 7 | 5 | 10 |
| 8 | 5 | 10 |
| 9 | 5 | 10 |
| 10 | 5 | 10 |
| 11 | 5 | 10 |
| 12 | 5 | 10 |
| 13 | 5 | 10 |
| 14 | 5 | 10 |
| 15 | 5 | 10 |
| 16 | 5 | 10 |
| 17 | 5 | 10 |
| 18 | 5 | 10 |
| 19 | 5 | 10 |
| 20 | 5 | 10 |
| 21 | 5 | 11 |
| 22 | 5 | 11 |
| 23 | 5 | 11 |
| 24 | 6 | 11 |
| 25 | 6 | 11 |
| 26 | 6 | 11 |
| 27 | 7 | 12 |
| 28 | 7 | 12 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 8 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 8 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 102 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:57 AM to 8:06 AM, and sunset from 5:38 PM to 6:29 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:57 | 8:56 | 8:54 | 8:53 | 8:51 | 8:49 | 8:48 | 8:46 | 8:44 | 8:42 | 8:41 | 8:39 | 8:37 | 8:35 | 8:33 | 8:31 | 8:29 | 8:27 | 8:25 | 8:23 | 8:21 | 8:19 | 8:17 | 8:15 | 8:13 | 8:11 | 8:08 | 8:06 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:38 | 5:40 | 5:42 | 5:44 | 5:46 | 5:48 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:53 | 5:55 | 5:57 | 5:59 | 6:01 | 6:03 | 6:05 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:10 | 6:12 | 6:14 | 6:16 | 6:18 | 6:20 | 6:22 | 6:24 | 6:26 | 6:27 | 6:29 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.7 | 8:57 | 5:38 |
| 2 | 8.7 | 8:56 | 5:40 |
| 3 | 8.8 | 8:54 | 5:42 |
| 4 | 8.9 | 8:53 | 5:44 |
| 5 | 8.9 | 8:51 | 5:46 |
| 6 | 9.0 | 8:49 | 5:48 |
| 7 | 9.0 | 8:48 | 5:50 |
| 8 | 9.1 | 8:46 | 5:51 |
| 9 | 9.2 | 8:44 | 5:53 |
| 10 | 9.2 | 8:42 | 5:55 |
| 11 | 9.3 | 8:41 | 5:57 |
| 12 | 9.3 | 8:39 | 5:59 |
| 13 | 9.4 | 8:37 | 6:01 |
| 14 | 9.5 | 8:35 | 6:03 |
| 15 | 9.5 | 8:33 | 6:05 |
| 16 | 9.6 | 8:31 | 6:07 |
| 17 | 9.7 | 8:29 | 6:08 |
| 18 | 9.7 | 8:27 | 6:10 |
| 19 | 9.8 | 8:25 | 6:12 |
| 20 | 9.8 | 8:23 | 6:14 |
| 21 | 9.9 | 8:21 | 6:16 |
| 22 | 10.0 | 8:19 | 6:18 |
| 23 | 10.0 | 8:17 | 6:20 |
| 24 | 10.1 | 8:15 | 6:22 |
| 25 | 10.2 | 8:13 | 6:24 |
| 26 | 10.2 | 8:11 | 6:26 |
| 27 | 10.3 | 8:08 | 6:27 |
| 28 | 10.4 | 8:06 | 6:29 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.3 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.9 kWh/m² to a high of 6.12 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 2.3 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 8 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 9 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.0 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Angarsk?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Angarsk.
What to pack for Angarsk in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Angarsk sees daytime highs around -9°C and nights near -22°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat.
UV index in Angarsk in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Angarsk peaks around July 12 at about 6 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 2 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5 | Moderate |
| May | 5 | High |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 7 | High |
| Aug | 5 | Moderate |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Low |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Angarsk in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Angarsk is worst in May — around 22 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.2× the cleanest month (November, 10 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 15 | 15 | 13 | 17 | 22 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 12 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Moderate |
| Feb | 15 | Moderate |
| Mar | 13 | Moderate |
| Apr | 17 | Moderate |
| May | 22 | Moderate |
| Jun | 16 | Moderate |
| Jul | 18 | Moderate |
| Aug | 18 | Moderate |
| Sep | 11 | Good |
| Oct | 12 | Good |
| Nov | 10 | Good |
| Dec | 12 | Good |
Where is Angarsk?
Angarsk sits at 52.6°N, 103.9°E, 430 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Usol’ye-Sibirskoye, 28 km away.
Topography around Angarsk
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Angarsk.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Angarsk has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 43 m around an average of 427 m above sea level; within 16 km, only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 195 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 957 m.
The land around Angarsk is covered by trees (41%) and artificial surfaces (39%) within 3 km, trees (50%) and grassland (32%) within 16 km, and trees (68%) within 80 km.
Russia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 32% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,547
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.8
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 12
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Angarsk (52.5597°, 103.9141°, elevation 430 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).