Markova weather in February
In February, Markova sees average daytime highs of -10°C and overnight lows near -21°C, with 5 mm of precipitation across 1.8 wet days and about 9.5 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about -13°C in the first days to -6°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 34% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 8 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Markova's 2nd-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Markova's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -10°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -21°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 5 mm
- 1.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 h 36 min
- 8:31 AM – 6:04 PM
- Cloud cover
- 57%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.31 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Markova is human settlement in Irkutsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia.
- Founded
- 1820
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about -13°C in the first days to -6°C by the end.
A typical February day in Markova reaches about -10°C in the afternoon and slips back to -21°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -17°C and -3°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 5°C warmer than January and about 9°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -13 | -13 | -13 | -12 | -12 | -12 | -12 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -6 | -6 | -6 | -6 |
| Avg low (°C) | -24 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -22 | -22 | -22 | -22 | -22 | -21 | -21 | -21 | -21 | -20 | -20 | -20 | -20 | -19 | -19 | -19 | -19 | -19 | -18 | -18 | -18 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -13 | -24 |
| 2 | -13 | -23 |
| 3 | -13 | -23 |
| 4 | -12 | -23 |
| 5 | -12 | -23 |
| 6 | -12 | -23 |
| 7 | -12 | -23 |
| 8 | -11 | -22 |
| 9 | -11 | -22 |
| 10 | -11 | -22 |
| 11 | -11 | -22 |
| 12 | -10 | -22 |
| 13 | -10 | -21 |
| 14 | -10 | -21 |
| 15 | -9 | -21 |
| 16 | -9 | -21 |
| 17 | -9 | -20 |
| 18 | -8 | -20 |
| 19 | -8 | -20 |
| 20 | -8 | -20 |
| 21 | -8 | -19 |
| 22 | -7 | -19 |
| 23 | -7 | -19 |
| 24 | -7 | -19 |
| 25 | -6 | -19 |
| 26 | -6 | -18 |
| 27 | -6 | -18 |
| 28 | -6 | -18 |
How February really feels in Markova
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Markova weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -15° / -24° | 5 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 8 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -10° / -21° | 5 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 9.5 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -0° / -13° | 10 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 11.5 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 9° / -3° | 22 | 5.7 | 3.6 | 13.6 | 1.7 |
| May | 16° / 4° | 38 | 8.9 | 1.4 | 15.4 | 5.0 |
| Jun | 21° / 10° | 65 | 10.3 | 0 | 16.4 | 6.4 |
| Jul | 23° / 14° | 94 | 12.2 | 0 | 16 | 6.5 |
| Aug | 21° / 12° | 101 | 11.6 | 0 | 14.5 | 6.3 |
| Sep | 15° / 6° | 61 | 10.2 | 0.6 | 12.4 | 4.6 |
| Oct | 7° / -2° | 23 | 5.7 | 3.9 | 10.3 | 1.1 |
| Nov | -4° / -11° | 13 | 4 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -13° / -20° | 10 | 3.5 | 5.2 | 7.6 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 34% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 14% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 53%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 50 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 46 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 |
| Cloudier (%) | 50 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 55 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50 | 50 |
| 2 | 51 | 49 |
| 3 | 50 | 50 |
| 4 | 50 | 50 |
| 5 | 50 | 50 |
| 6 | 50 | 50 |
| 7 | 50 | 50 |
| 8 | 49 | 51 |
| 9 | 48 | 52 |
| 10 | 48 | 52 |
| 11 | 47 | 53 |
| 12 | 46 | 54 |
| 13 | 46 | 54 |
| 14 | 45 | 55 |
| 15 | 46 | 54 |
| 16 | 45 | 55 |
| 17 | 44 | 56 |
| 18 | 45 | 55 |
| 19 | 45 | 55 |
| 20 | 46 | 54 |
| 21 | 46 | 54 |
| 22 | 46 | 54 |
| 23 | 46 | 54 |
| 24 | 46 | 54 |
| 25 | 46 | 54 |
| 26 | 47 | 53 |
| 27 | 47 | 53 |
| 28 | 47 | 53 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Markova gets around 5 mm of rain and snow over 1.8 wet days in February, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 7% and peaks near 8% on the wettest days, and about 3 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Snow chance (%) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | 10 |
| 2 | 6 | 10 |
| 3 | 6 | 10 |
| 4 | 6 | 11 |
| 5 | 6 | 11 |
| 6 | 6 | 11 |
| 7 | 7 | 11 |
| 8 | 7 | 11 |
| 9 | 7 | 12 |
| 10 | 7 | 12 |
| 11 | 7 | 12 |
| 12 | 7 | 12 |
| 13 | 7 | 12 |
| 14 | 7 | 12 |
| 15 | 7 | 12 |
| 16 | 7 | 12 |
| 17 | 7 | 12 |
| 18 | 7 | 12 |
| 19 | 7 | 12 |
| 20 | 7 | 12 |
| 21 | 7 | 12 |
| 22 | 7 | 12 |
| 23 | 7 | 12 |
| 24 | 7 | 13 |
| 25 | 8 | 13 |
| 26 | 8 | 13 |
| 27 | 8 | 13 |
| 28 | 8 | 13 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 8 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 7 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 8 h 42 min at the start of February to 10 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 102 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:55 AM to 8:04 AM, and sunset from 5:39 PM to 6:29 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 8.7 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:55 | 8:53 | 8:52 | 8:50 | 8:49 | 8:47 | 8:45 | 8:44 | 8:42 | 8:40 | 8:38 | 8:37 | 8:35 | 8:33 | 8:31 | 8:29 | 8:27 | 8:25 | 8:23 | 8:21 | 8:19 | 8:17 | 8:15 | 8:13 | 8:11 | 8:09 | 8:07 | 8:04 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:42 | 5:44 | 5:46 | 5:48 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:53 | 5:55 | 5:57 | 5:59 | 6:01 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:06 | 6:08 | 6:10 | 6:12 | 6:14 | 6:16 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:21 | 6:23 | 6:25 | 6:27 | 6:29 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.7 | 8:55 | 5:39 |
| 2 | 8.8 | 8:53 | 5:40 |
| 3 | 8.8 | 8:52 | 5:42 |
| 4 | 8.9 | 8:50 | 5:44 |
| 5 | 9.0 | 8:49 | 5:46 |
| 6 | 9.0 | 8:47 | 5:48 |
| 7 | 9.1 | 8:45 | 5:50 |
| 8 | 9.1 | 8:44 | 5:51 |
| 9 | 9.2 | 8:42 | 5:53 |
| 10 | 9.2 | 8:40 | 5:55 |
| 11 | 9.3 | 8:38 | 5:57 |
| 12 | 9.4 | 8:37 | 5:59 |
| 13 | 9.4 | 8:35 | 6:01 |
| 14 | 9.5 | 8:33 | 6:03 |
| 15 | 9.6 | 8:31 | 6:04 |
| 16 | 9.6 | 8:29 | 6:06 |
| 17 | 9.7 | 8:27 | 6:08 |
| 18 | 9.7 | 8:25 | 6:10 |
| 19 | 9.8 | 8:23 | 6:12 |
| 20 | 9.9 | 8:21 | 6:14 |
| 21 | 9.9 | 8:19 | 6:16 |
| 22 | 10.0 | 8:17 | 6:18 |
| 23 | 10.1 | 8:15 | 6:19 |
| 24 | 10.1 | 8:13 | 6:21 |
| 25 | 10.2 | 8:11 | 6:23 |
| 26 | 10.3 | 8:09 | 6:25 |
| 27 | 10.3 | 8:07 | 6:27 |
| 28 | 10.4 | 8:04 | 6:29 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.31 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.91 kWh/m² to a high of 6.06 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 2.31 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 7 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 8 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.0 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Markova?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Markova.
What to pack for Markova in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Markova sees daytime highs around -10°C and nights near -21°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat.
UV index in Markova in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Markova peaks around July 12 at about 7 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 2 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5 | Moderate |
| May | 5 | High |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 7 | High |
| Aug | 5 | Moderate |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Low |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Markova in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Markova is worst in May — around 22 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), about 2.2× the cleanest month (November, 10 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 15 | 15 | 13 | 17 | 22 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 12 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Moderate |
| Feb | 15 | Moderate |
| Mar | 13 | Moderate |
| Apr | 17 | Moderate |
| May | 22 | Moderate |
| Jun | 16 | Moderate |
| Jul | 18 | Moderate |
| Aug | 18 | Moderate |
| Sep | 11 | Good |
| Oct | 12 | Good |
| Nov | 10 | Good |
| Dec | 12 | Good |
Where is Markova?
Markova sits at 52.2°N, 104.2°E, 443 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Shelekhov, 8.0 km away.
Topography around Markova
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Markova.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Markova has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 137 m around an average of 483 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 372 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,319 m.
The land around Markova is covered by trees (72%) within 3 km, trees (64%) within 16 km, and trees (69%) within 80 km.
Russia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 32% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,547
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.8
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 12
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Markova (52.2067°, 104.2177°, elevation 443 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).