Argun weather in February
In February, Argun sees average daytime highs of 4°C and overnight lows near -3°C, with 33 mm of precipitation across 7.3 wet days and about 10.2 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 3°C in the first days to 6°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 22% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 36 min at the start of February to 10 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Argun's 10th-clearest and 7th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Argun's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 4°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -3°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 33 mm
- 7.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 12 min
- 7:04 AM – 5:18 PM
- Cloud cover
- 68%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 7th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.55 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.1
- out of 10
Argun is human settlement in City of Argun, Chechen Republic, Russia.
- Density
- 446/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1819
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 3°C in the first days to 6°C by the end.
A typical February day in Argun reaches about 4°C in the afternoon and slips back to -3°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -3°C and 11°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 6°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| Avg low (°C) | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -5 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -4 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -3 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -2 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | -5 |
| 2 | 3 | -5 |
| 3 | 3 | -5 |
| 4 | 3 | -5 |
| 5 | 3 | -5 |
| 6 | 3 | -5 |
| 7 | 3 | -4 |
| 8 | 3 | -4 |
| 9 | 3 | -4 |
| 10 | 3 | -4 |
| 11 | 3 | -4 |
| 12 | 4 | -4 |
| 13 | 4 | -4 |
| 14 | 4 | -4 |
| 15 | 4 | -4 |
| 16 | 4 | -3 |
| 17 | 4 | -3 |
| 18 | 5 | -3 |
| 19 | 5 | -3 |
| 20 | 5 | -3 |
| 21 | 5 | -2 |
| 22 | 6 | -2 |
| 23 | 6 | -2 |
| 24 | 6 | -2 |
| 25 | 6 | -2 |
| 26 | 6 | -1 |
| 27 | 7 | -1 |
| 28 | 7 | -1 |
How February really feels in Argun
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Argun weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3° / -4° | 34 | 8.8 | 7.3 | 9.2 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 4° / -3° | 33 | 7.3 | 5.5 | 10.2 | 0.1 |
| Mar | 10° / 1° | 47 | 9.7 | 3.9 | 11.6 | 2.3 |
| Apr | 16° / 6° | 57 | 9.6 | 0.5 | 13.2 | 5.0 |
| May | 22° / 12° | 74 | 11.8 | 0 | 14.5 | 6.3 |
| Jun | 27° / 17° | 76 | 9.9 | 0 | 15.1 | 6.5 |
| Jul | 30° / 19° | 61 | 8.4 | 0 | 14.9 | 5.5 |
| Aug | 30° / 19° | 61 | 7.9 | 0 | 13.8 | 5.7 |
| Sep | 24° / 14° | 62 | 8.4 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.2 |
| Oct | 17° / 8° | 48 | 8.2 | 0.2 | 10.8 | 5.8 |
| Nov | 9° / 2° | 40 | 7.6 | 1.9 | 9.5 | 2.1 |
| Dec | 4° / -2° | 31 | 7.4 | 5.1 | 8.9 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 22% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 65%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 36 | 35 |
| Cloudier (%) | 67 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 65 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 33 | 67 |
| 2 | 33 | 67 |
| 3 | 34 | 66 |
| 4 | 34 | 66 |
| 5 | 34 | 66 |
| 6 | 34 | 66 |
| 7 | 34 | 66 |
| 8 | 34 | 66 |
| 9 | 35 | 65 |
| 10 | 36 | 64 |
| 11 | 36 | 64 |
| 12 | 36 | 64 |
| 13 | 36 | 64 |
| 14 | 35 | 65 |
| 15 | 35 | 65 |
| 16 | 36 | 64 |
| 17 | 36 | 64 |
| 18 | 36 | 64 |
| 19 | 36 | 64 |
| 20 | 36 | 64 |
| 21 | 36 | 64 |
| 22 | 35 | 65 |
| 23 | 36 | 64 |
| 24 | 36 | 64 |
| 25 | 36 | 64 |
| 26 | 36 | 64 |
| 27 | 36 | 64 |
| 28 | 35 | 65 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Argun gets around 33 mm of rain and snow over 7.3 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 26% and peaks near 28% on the wettest days, and about 6 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
| Snow chance (%) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 24 |
| 2 | 28 | 24 |
| 3 | 28 | 24 |
| 4 | 28 | 24 |
| 5 | 28 | 23 |
| 6 | 27 | 23 |
| 7 | 27 | 23 |
| 8 | 27 | 22 |
| 9 | 27 | 22 |
| 10 | 26 | 22 |
| 11 | 26 | 21 |
| 12 | 26 | 21 |
| 13 | 26 | 20 |
| 14 | 26 | 20 |
| 15 | 26 | 20 |
| 16 | 25 | 19 |
| 17 | 25 | 19 |
| 18 | 25 | 18 |
| 19 | 25 | 18 |
| 20 | 25 | 17 |
| 21 | 25 | 17 |
| 22 | 26 | 17 |
| 23 | 26 | 17 |
| 24 | 26 | 16 |
| 25 | 26 | 16 |
| 26 | 27 | 16 |
| 27 | 27 | 16 |
| 28 | 27 | 16 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 6 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | calm |
| 2 | 6 | calm |
| 3 | 6 | calm |
| 4 | 6 | calm |
| 5 | 6 | calm |
| 6 | 6 | calm |
| 7 | 6 | calm |
| 8 | 6 | calm |
| 9 | 6 | calm |
| 10 | 6 | calm |
| 11 | 6 | calm |
| 12 | 6 | calm |
| 13 | 6 | calm |
| 14 | 6 | calm |
| 15 | 6 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 7 | calm |
| 20 | 7 | calm |
| 21 | 7 | calm |
| 22 | 7 | calm |
| 23 | 7 | calm |
| 24 | 7 | calm |
| 25 | 7 | calm |
| 26 | 7 | calm |
| 27 | 7 | calm |
| 28 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 9 h 36 min at the start of February to 10 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 72 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 7:21 AM to 6:45 AM, and sunset from 4:59 PM to 5:35 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 | 7:15 | 7:14 | 7:13 | 7:12 | 7:11 | 7:09 | 7:08 | 7:07 | 7:06 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:48 | 6:46 | 6:45 |
| Sunset (PM) | 4:59 | 5:01 | 5:02 | 5:03 | 5:05 | 5:06 | 5:07 | 5:09 | 5:10 | 5:11 | 5:13 | 5:14 | 5:15 | 5:17 | 5:18 | 5:19 | 5:21 | 5:22 | 5:23 | 5:25 | 5:26 | 5:27 | 5:29 | 5:30 | 5:31 | 5:33 | 5:34 | 5:35 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.6 | 7:21 | 4:59 |
| 2 | 9.7 | 7:20 | 5:01 |
| 3 | 9.7 | 7:19 | 5:02 |
| 4 | 9.8 | 7:18 | 5:03 |
| 5 | 9.8 | 7:17 | 5:05 |
| 6 | 9.8 | 7:15 | 5:06 |
| 7 | 9.9 | 7:14 | 5:07 |
| 8 | 9.9 | 7:13 | 5:09 |
| 9 | 10.0 | 7:12 | 5:10 |
| 10 | 10.0 | 7:11 | 5:11 |
| 11 | 10.1 | 7:09 | 5:13 |
| 12 | 10.1 | 7:08 | 5:14 |
| 13 | 10.1 | 7:07 | 5:15 |
| 14 | 10.2 | 7:06 | 5:17 |
| 15 | 10.2 | 7:04 | 5:18 |
| 16 | 10.3 | 7:03 | 5:19 |
| 17 | 10.3 | 7:01 | 5:21 |
| 18 | 10.4 | 7:00 | 5:22 |
| 19 | 10.4 | 6:59 | 5:23 |
| 20 | 10.5 | 6:57 | 5:25 |
| 21 | 10.5 | 6:56 | 5:26 |
| 22 | 10.6 | 6:54 | 5:27 |
| 23 | 10.6 | 6:53 | 5:29 |
| 24 | 10.6 | 6:51 | 5:30 |
| 25 | 10.7 | 6:50 | 5:31 |
| 26 | 10.7 | 6:48 | 5:33 |
| 27 | 10.8 | 6:46 | 5:34 |
| 28 | 10.8 | 6:45 | 5:35 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.55 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.38 kWh/m² to a high of 5.88 kWh/m² in July across the year — February's 2.55 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.0 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Argun?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Argun.
What to pack for Argun in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Argun sees daytime highs around 4°C and nights near -3°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Argun in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Argun peaks around July 14 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 1 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 7 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Moderate |
| Mar | 3 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Air quality in Argun in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Argun is worst in March — around 20 µg/m³ PM2.5 (moderate), and holds fairly steady the rest of the year.
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 14 | 14 | 20 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 13 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Moderate |
| Feb | 14 | Moderate |
| Mar | 20 | Moderate |
| Apr | 17 | Moderate |
| May | 16 | Moderate |
| Jun | 15 | Moderate |
| Jul | 16 | Moderate |
| Aug | 17 | Moderate |
| Sep | 16 | Moderate |
| Oct | 16 | Moderate |
| Nov | 15 | Moderate |
| Dec | 13 | Moderate |
Where is Argun?
Argun sits at 43.3°N, 45.9°E, 118 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Tsotsin-Yurt, 12 km away.
Topography around Argun
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Argun.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Argun has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 46 m around an average of 115 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 389 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,660 m.
The land around Argun is covered by artificial surfaces (37%) and cropland (24%) within 3 km, cropland (38%), trees (27%) and grassland (20%) within 16 km, and grassland (47%), trees (27%) and cropland (22%) within 80 km.
Russia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 32% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,547
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.8
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 12
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Argun (43.2929°, 45.8669°, elevation 118 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).