Ulan-Ude weather in February
In February, Ulan-Ude sees average daytime highs of -10°C and overnight lows near -25°C, with 3 mm of precipitation across 1.1 wet days and about 9.6 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about -14°C in the first days to -7°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 34% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 8 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Ulan-Ude's 2nd-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Ulan-Ude's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- -10°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- -25°
- 2nd coldest
- Precipitation
- 3 mm
- 1.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 h 36 min
- 8:16 AM – 5:52 PM
- Cloud cover
- 55%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.44 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 0.0
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about -14°C in the first days to -7°C by the end.
A typical February day in Ulan-Ude reaches about -10°C in the afternoon and slips back to -25°C overnight — a 15°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between -17°C and -4°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 6°C warmer than January and about 10°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | -14 | -14 | -14 | -13 | -13 | -13 | -13 | -12 | -12 | -12 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -11 | -10 | -10 | -10 | -9 | -9 | -9 | -8 | -8 | -8 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -7 | -6 |
| Avg low (°C) | -28 | -28 | -27 | -27 | -27 | -27 | -27 | -27 | -27 | -26 | -26 | -26 | -26 | -26 | -25 | -25 | -25 | -25 | -25 | -24 | -24 | -24 | -24 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -23 | -22 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | -14 | -28 |
| 2 | -14 | -28 |
| 3 | -14 | -27 |
| 4 | -13 | -27 |
| 5 | -13 | -27 |
| 6 | -13 | -27 |
| 7 | -13 | -27 |
| 8 | -12 | -27 |
| 9 | -12 | -27 |
| 10 | -12 | -26 |
| 11 | -11 | -26 |
| 12 | -11 | -26 |
| 13 | -11 | -26 |
| 14 | -11 | -26 |
| 15 | -10 | -25 |
| 16 | -10 | -25 |
| 17 | -10 | -25 |
| 18 | -9 | -25 |
| 19 | -9 | -25 |
| 20 | -9 | -24 |
| 21 | -8 | -24 |
| 22 | -8 | -24 |
| 23 | -8 | -24 |
| 24 | -7 | -23 |
| 25 | -7 | -23 |
| 26 | -7 | -23 |
| 27 | -7 | -23 |
| 28 | -6 | -22 |
How February really feels in Ulan-Ude
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 28 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Ulan-Ude weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | -17° / -28° | 3 | 1 | 2.1 | 8.1 | 0.0 |
| Feb | -10° / -25° | 3 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 9.6 | 0.0 |
| Mar | -0° / -15° | 5 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 11.5 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 9° / -4° | 15 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 13.6 | 2.2 |
| May | 17° / 3° | 31 | 6.8 | 1.1 | 15.4 | 5.8 |
| Jun | 23° / 10° | 44 | 7.7 | 0 | 16.4 | 7.2 |
| Jul | 25° / 13° | 53 | 9.6 | 0 | 16 | 6.8 |
| Aug | 22° / 11° | 68 | 9.9 | 0 | 14.4 | 6.7 |
| Sep | 15° / 4° | 44 | 8.5 | 0.3 | 12.4 | 4.9 |
| Oct | 6° / -5° | 14 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 10.4 | 0.9 |
| Nov | -6° / -15° | 9 | 3.2 | 4.5 | 8.6 | 0.0 |
| Dec | -14° / -24° | 7 | 2.4 | 4 | 7.6 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 34% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 17% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 49%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 53 | 54 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 |
| Cloudier (%) | 47 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 53 | 47 |
| 2 | 54 | 46 |
| 3 | 54 | 46 |
| 4 | 54 | 46 |
| 5 | 55 | 45 |
| 6 | 54 | 46 |
| 7 | 54 | 46 |
| 8 | 53 | 47 |
| 9 | 52 | 48 |
| 10 | 52 | 48 |
| 11 | 51 | 49 |
| 12 | 51 | 49 |
| 13 | 51 | 49 |
| 14 | 50 | 50 |
| 15 | 49 | 51 |
| 16 | 48 | 52 |
| 17 | 49 | 51 |
| 18 | 49 | 51 |
| 19 | 48 | 52 |
| 20 | 48 | 52 |
| 21 | 49 | 51 |
| 22 | 48 | 52 |
| 23 | 49 | 51 |
| 24 | 49 | 51 |
| 25 | 49 | 51 |
| 26 | 49 | 51 |
| 27 | 49 | 51 |
| 28 | 49 | 51 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Ulan-Ude gets around 3 mm of rain and snow over 1.1 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 4% and peaks near 5% on the wettest days, and about 2 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Snow chance (%) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | 6 |
| 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 4 | 3 | 6 |
| 5 | 3 | 6 |
| 6 | 3 | 6 |
| 7 | 3 | 6 |
| 8 | 3 | 6 |
| 9 | 3 | 6 |
| 10 | 3 | 6 |
| 11 | 3 | 6 |
| 12 | 4 | 6 |
| 13 | 4 | 6 |
| 14 | 4 | 6 |
| 15 | 4 | 6 |
| 16 | 4 | 6 |
| 17 | 4 | 6 |
| 18 | 4 | 6 |
| 19 | 4 | 6 |
| 20 | 4 | 6 |
| 21 | 4 | 6 |
| 22 | 5 | 7 |
| 23 | 5 | 7 |
| 24 | 5 | 7 |
| 25 | 5 | 7 |
| 26 | 5 | 7 |
| 27 | 5 | 7 |
| 28 | 5 | 7 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 8 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 8 h 48 min at the start of February to 10 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 96 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:40 AM to 7:50 AM, and sunset from 5:26 PM to 6:16 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:40 | 8:38 | 8:37 | 8:35 | 8:34 | 8:32 | 8:31 | 8:29 | 8:27 | 8:25 | 8:24 | 8:22 | 8:20 | 8:18 | 8:16 | 8:15 | 8:13 | 8:11 | 8:09 | 8:07 | 8:05 | 8:03 | 8:01 | 7:59 | 7:57 | 7:54 | 7:52 | 7:50 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:26 | 5:28 | 5:30 | 5:32 | 5:34 | 5:35 | 5:37 | 5:39 | 5:41 | 5:43 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:48 | 5:50 | 5:52 | 5:54 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:59 | 6:01 | 6:03 | 6:05 | 6:07 | 6:09 | 6:10 | 6:12 | 6:14 | 6:16 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.8 | 8:40 | 5:26 |
| 2 | 8.8 | 8:38 | 5:28 |
| 3 | 8.9 | 8:37 | 5:30 |
| 4 | 8.9 | 8:35 | 5:32 |
| 5 | 9.0 | 8:34 | 5:34 |
| 6 | 9.1 | 8:32 | 5:35 |
| 7 | 9.1 | 8:31 | 5:37 |
| 8 | 9.2 | 8:29 | 5:39 |
| 9 | 9.2 | 8:27 | 5:41 |
| 10 | 9.3 | 8:25 | 5:43 |
| 11 | 9.3 | 8:24 | 5:45 |
| 12 | 9.4 | 8:22 | 5:46 |
| 13 | 9.5 | 8:20 | 5:48 |
| 14 | 9.5 | 8:18 | 5:50 |
| 15 | 9.6 | 8:16 | 5:52 |
| 16 | 9.7 | 8:15 | 5:54 |
| 17 | 9.7 | 8:13 | 5:56 |
| 18 | 9.8 | 8:11 | 5:57 |
| 19 | 9.8 | 8:09 | 5:59 |
| 20 | 9.9 | 8:07 | 6:01 |
| 21 | 10.0 | 8:05 | 6:03 |
| 22 | 10.0 | 8:03 | 6:05 |
| 23 | 10.1 | 8:01 | 6:07 |
| 24 | 10.2 | 7:59 | 6:09 |
| 25 | 10.2 | 7:57 | 6:10 |
| 26 | 10.3 | 7:54 | 6:12 |
| 27 | 10.4 | 7:52 | 6:14 |
| 28 | 10.4 | 7:50 | 6:16 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 2.44 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 0.99 kWh/m² to a high of 6.41 kWh/m² in June across the year — February's 2.44 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.9 | Dim |
| 4 | 2.0 | Dim |
| 5 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 25 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 26 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 27 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 28 | 3.1 | Moderate |
Is February a good time to visit Ulan-Ude?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Ulan-Ude.
What to pack for Ulan-Ude in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Ulan-Ude sees daytime highs around -10°C and nights near -25°C. Pack a warm layer and a heavy coat.
UV index in Ulan-Ude in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 1. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ulan-Ude peaks around July 13 at about 7 (high) — sunscreen and a hat are worth it in the middle of the day. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 6 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | High | High | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 1 | Low |
| Mar | 2 | Moderate |
| Apr | 4 | Moderate |
| May | 5 | High |
| Jun | 6 | High |
| Jul | 7 | High |
| Aug | 5 | High |
| Sep | 3 | Moderate |
| Oct | 2 | Low |
| Nov | 1 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Air quality in Ulan-Ude in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Ulan-Ude is worst in August — around 58 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 27.6× the cleanest month (December, 2 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 5 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 23 | 58 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| Level | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Unhealthy | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 5 | Good |
| Feb | 5 | Good |
| Mar | 6 | Good |
| Apr | 10 | Good |
| May | 13 | Moderate |
| Jun | 15 | Moderate |
| Jul | 23 | Moderate |
| Aug | 58 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 7 | Good |
| Oct | 6 | Good |
| Nov | 4 | Good |
| Dec | 2 | Good |
Where is Ulan-Ude?
Ulan-Ude sits at 51.8°N, 107.6°E, 536 m above sea level, in Russia. The nearest listed city is Gusinoozyorsk, 97 km away.
Topography around Ulan-Ude
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ulan-Ude.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ulan-Ude has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 177 m around an average of 532 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 702 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,272 m.
The land around Ulan-Ude is covered by artificial surfaces (64%) within 3 km, trees (49%) and grassland (25%) within 16 km, and trees (66%) and grassland (26%) within 80 km.
Russia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 32% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $17,547
- 2025
- Happiness
- 5.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 76%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 6.8
- per 100k, 2021
- Road deaths
- 12
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 521
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ulan-Ude (51.8265°, 107.5998°, elevation 536 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).