Al Mash‘ilīyah weather in February
In February, Al Mash‘ilīyah sees average daytime highs of 28°C and overnight lows near 13°C, with 1 mm of rain across 0.4 wet days and about 11.4 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 29°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 83% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 12 min at the start of February to 11 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Al Mash‘ilīyah's 4th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Al Mash‘ilīyah's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 28°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 13°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 1 mm
- 0.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 24 min
- 6:35 AM – 5:59 PM
- Cloud cover
- 17%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.08 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.3
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 26°C in the first days to 29°C by the end.
A typical February day in Al Mash‘ilīyah reaches about 28°C in the afternoon and slips back to 13°C overnight — a 15°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 33°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Avg low (°C) | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 11 |
| 2 | 26 | 12 |
| 3 | 26 | 12 |
| 4 | 27 | 12 |
| 5 | 27 | 12 |
| 6 | 27 | 12 |
| 7 | 27 | 12 |
| 8 | 27 | 12 |
| 9 | 27 | 12 |
| 10 | 27 | 12 |
| 11 | 27 | 12 |
| 12 | 27 | 12 |
| 13 | 28 | 13 |
| 14 | 28 | 13 |
| 15 | 28 | 13 |
| 16 | 28 | 13 |
| 17 | 28 | 13 |
| 18 | 28 | 13 |
| 19 | 28 | 13 |
| 20 | 29 | 13 |
| 21 | 29 | 14 |
| 22 | 29 | 14 |
| 23 | 29 | 14 |
| 24 | 29 | 14 |
| 25 | 29 | 14 |
| 26 | 29 | 14 |
| 27 | 29 | 14 |
| 28 | 29 | 14 |
How February really feels in Al Mash‘ilīyah
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Al Mash‘ilīyah weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 9th-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 25° / 10° | 1 | 0.3 | 11.1 | 9.3 |
| Feb | 28° / 13° | 1 | 0.4 | 11.4 | 8.3 |
| Mar | 31° / 17° | 6 | 1.2 | 11.9 | 5.9 |
| Apr | 34° / 20° | 6 | 2 | 12.4 | 3.9 |
| May | 37° / 22° | 2 | 0.5 | 12.8 | 2.1 |
| Jun | 39° / 23° | 1 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.9 |
| Jul | 40° / 25° | 1 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.3 |
| Aug | 39° / 25° | 2 | 0.3 | 12.6 | 0.4 |
| Sep | 37° / 21° | 0 | 0 | 12.1 | 2.4 |
| Oct | 31° / 16° | 2 | 0.3 | 11.6 | 5.9 |
| Nov | 28° / 13° | 1 | 0.1 | 11.2 | 8.6 |
| Dec | 25° / 11° | 0 | 0 | 11 | 9.4 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 83% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 8% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 9%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 92 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 92 | 92 |
| Cloudier (%) | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 92 | 8 |
| 2 | 91 | 9 |
| 3 | 90 | 10 |
| 4 | 90 | 10 |
| 5 | 90 | 10 |
| 6 | 89 | 11 |
| 7 | 89 | 11 |
| 8 | 89 | 11 |
| 9 | 89 | 11 |
| 10 | 89 | 11 |
| 11 | 90 | 10 |
| 12 | 90 | 10 |
| 13 | 90 | 10 |
| 14 | 91 | 9 |
| 15 | 91 | 9 |
| 16 | 91 | 9 |
| 17 | 92 | 8 |
| 18 | 92 | 8 |
| 19 | 93 | 7 |
| 20 | 93 | 7 |
| 21 | 93 | 7 |
| 22 | 93 | 7 |
| 23 | 93 | 7 |
| 24 | 93 | 7 |
| 25 | 93 | 7 |
| 26 | 93 | 7 |
| 27 | 92 | 8 |
| 28 | 92 | 8 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Al Mash‘ilīyah gets around 1 mm of rain over 0.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 1% and peaks near 2% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 2 |
| 4 | 2 |
| 5 | 2 |
| 6 | 2 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 8 | 2 |
| 9 | 2 |
| 10 | 2 |
| 11 | 2 |
| 12 | 2 |
| 13 | 2 |
| 14 | 2 |
| 15 | 1 |
| 16 | 1 |
| 17 | 1 |
| 18 | 1 |
| 19 | 1 |
| 20 | 1 |
| 21 | 1 |
| 22 | 1 |
| 23 | 1 |
| 24 | 1 |
| 25 | 1 |
| 26 | 1 |
| 27 | 1 |
| 28 | 1 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 100 | 0 |
| 20 | 100 | 0 |
| 21 | 100 | 0 |
| 22 | 100 | 0 |
| 23 | 100 | 0 |
| 24 | 100 | 0 |
| 25 | 100 | 0 |
| 26 | 100 | 0 |
| 27 | 100 | 0 |
| 28 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in February
Winds average 11 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 12 min at the start of February to 11 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 24 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:39 AM to 6:27 AM, and sunset from 5:52 PM to 6:04 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:27 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:56 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:57 | 5:58 | 5:58 | 5:59 | 5:59 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:04 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.2 | 6:39 | 5:52 |
| 2 | 11.2 | 6:39 | 5:53 |
| 3 | 11.2 | 6:39 | 5:53 |
| 4 | 11.2 | 6:39 | 5:54 |
| 5 | 11.3 | 6:38 | 5:54 |
| 6 | 11.3 | 6:38 | 5:55 |
| 7 | 11.3 | 6:38 | 5:55 |
| 8 | 11.3 | 6:37 | 5:56 |
| 9 | 11.3 | 6:37 | 5:56 |
| 10 | 11.3 | 6:37 | 5:57 |
| 11 | 11.3 | 6:36 | 5:57 |
| 12 | 11.4 | 6:36 | 5:57 |
| 13 | 11.4 | 6:36 | 5:58 |
| 14 | 11.4 | 6:35 | 5:58 |
| 15 | 11.4 | 6:35 | 5:59 |
| 16 | 11.4 | 6:34 | 5:59 |
| 17 | 11.4 | 6:34 | 6:00 |
| 18 | 11.4 | 6:33 | 6:00 |
| 19 | 11.5 | 6:33 | 6:00 |
| 20 | 11.5 | 6:32 | 6:01 |
| 21 | 11.5 | 6:32 | 6:01 |
| 22 | 11.5 | 6:31 | 6:02 |
| 23 | 11.5 | 6:30 | 6:02 |
| 24 | 11.5 | 6:30 | 6:02 |
| 25 | 11.6 | 6:29 | 6:03 |
| 26 | 11.6 | 6:29 | 6:03 |
| 27 | 11.6 | 6:28 | 6:03 |
| 28 | 11.6 | 6:27 | 6:04 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.08 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.41 kWh/m² to a high of 7.57 kWh/m² in May across the year — February's 6.08 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 10 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.4 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Al Mash‘ilīyah
In February, Al Mash‘ilīyah sits inside its dust season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Al Mash‘ilīyah sees seasonal dust haze (February–September), heaviest in July.
Is February a good time to visit Al Mash‘ilīyah?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Al Mash‘ilīyah for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Al Mash‘ilīyah in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Al Mash‘ilīyah sees daytime highs around 28°C and nights near 13°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Al Mash‘ilīyah in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Al Mash‘ilīyah peaks around April 14 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 14 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 9 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 8 | 7 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 9 | Very high |
| Feb | 12 | Extreme |
| Mar | 13 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 10 | Very high |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 8 | Very high |
| Dec | 7 | Very high |
Air quality in Al Mash‘ilīyah in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Al Mash‘ilīyah is worst in February — around 81 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 2.2× the cleanest month (October, 37 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 69 | 81 | 73 | 69 | 60 | 64 | 73 | 64 | 48 | 37 | 42 | 50 |
| Level | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Poor | Poor |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 69 | Unhealthy |
| Feb | 81 | Unhealthy |
| Mar | 73 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 69 | Unhealthy |
| May | 60 | Unhealthy |
| Jun | 64 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 73 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 64 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 48 | Poor |
| Oct | 37 | Poor |
| Nov | 42 | Poor |
| Dec | 50 | Poor |
Where is Al Mash‘ilīyah?
Al Mash‘ilīyah sits at 17.8°N, 44.5°E, 1,134 m above sea level, in Saudi Arabia. The nearest listed city is Najran, 46 km away.
Topography around Al Mash‘ilīyah
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Al Mash‘ilīyah.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Al Mash‘ilīyah has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 98 m around an average of 1,164 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 382 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,350 m.
The land around Al Mash‘ilīyah is covered by bare terrain (90%) within 3 km, bare terrain (98%) within 16 km, and bare terrain (99%) within 80 km.
Saudi Arabia travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type G
- 230 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 47% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $34,537
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Homicide rate
- 0.9
- per 100k, 2019
- Road deaths
- 35.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 404
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Al Mash‘ilīyah (17.7556°, 44.468°, elevation 1,134 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).