Ourense weather in October
In October, Ourense sees average daytime highs of 18°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 110 mm of rain across 11.9 wet days and about 10.8 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 20°C in the first days to 16°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 27% of the time in October, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 30 min at the start of October to 10 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, October is Ourense's 7th-clearest and 8th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Ourense's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 18°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 8th coldest
- Rainfall
- 110 mm
- 11.9 wet days
- Daylight
- 10 h 48 min
- 7:52 AM – 6:41 PM
- Cloud cover
- 62%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 8th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.86 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.4
- out of 10
Ourense is capital city of the Ourense municipality in Galicia, Spain.
- Air quality
- Good
- PM2.5 8.1 µg/m³ · 2019
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in October
Highs ease over the month, from about 20°C in the first days to 16°C by the end.
A typical October day in Ourense reaches about 18°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 13°C and 23°C. Set against its neighbours, October runs about 5°C cooler than September and about 5°C warmer than November.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 10 |
| 2 | 20 | 10 |
| 3 | 20 | 10 |
| 4 | 20 | 10 |
| 5 | 19 | 10 |
| 6 | 19 | 10 |
| 7 | 19 | 10 |
| 8 | 19 | 10 |
| 9 | 19 | 10 |
| 10 | 19 | 10 |
| 11 | 18 | 10 |
| 12 | 18 | 10 |
| 13 | 18 | 9 |
| 14 | 18 | 9 |
| 15 | 18 | 9 |
| 16 | 18 | 9 |
| 17 | 17 | 9 |
| 18 | 17 | 9 |
| 19 | 17 | 9 |
| 20 | 17 | 9 |
| 21 | 17 | 9 |
| 22 | 17 | 9 |
| 23 | 17 | 9 |
| 24 | 16 | 9 |
| 25 | 16 | 9 |
| 26 | 16 | 8 |
| 27 | 16 | 8 |
| 28 | 16 | 8 |
| 29 | 16 | 8 |
| 30 | 15 | 8 |
| 31 | 15 | 8 |
Ourense weather by month
How October compares with the rest of the year at a glance. October is the 6th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10° / 3° | 108 | 12.4 | 0.7 | 9.3 | 2.1 |
| Feb | 11° / 3° | 77 | 9.9 | 0.8 | 10.3 | 2.8 |
| Mar | 14° / 5° | 84 | 10.9 | 0.2 | 11.6 | 4.0 |
| Apr | 16° / 6° | 85 | 13.1 | 0.1 | 13.1 | 4.4 |
| May | 18° / 9° | 73 | 11.8 | 0 | 14.4 | 5.6 |
| Jun | 22° / 12° | 43 | 7.5 | 0 | 15 | 7.2 |
| Jul | 25° / 13° | 24 | 4.7 | 0 | 14.8 | 8.1 |
| Aug | 25° / 13° | 27 | 5 | 0 | 13.7 | 8.0 |
| Sep | 22° / 12° | 48 | 7.2 | 0 | 12.3 | 7.3 |
| Oct | 18° / 9° | 110 | 11.9 | 0 | 10.8 | 5.4 |
| Nov | 13° / 6° | 113 | 13.1 | 0.1 | 9.6 | 3.2 |
| Dec | 10° / 4° | 114 | 12.3 | 0.3 | 9 | 2.3 |
Cloud cover in October
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 27% of the time in October.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 11% of October, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 62%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 39 | 38 | 36 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 32 | 31 |
| Cloudier (%) | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 58 | 59 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 61 | 62 | 64 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 69 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 45 | 55 |
| 2 | 45 | 55 |
| 3 | 45 | 55 |
| 4 | 45 | 55 |
| 5 | 44 | 56 |
| 6 | 43 | 57 |
| 7 | 43 | 57 |
| 8 | 43 | 57 |
| 9 | 42 | 58 |
| 10 | 41 | 59 |
| 11 | 39 | 61 |
| 12 | 39 | 61 |
| 13 | 38 | 62 |
| 14 | 39 | 61 |
| 15 | 39 | 61 |
| 16 | 38 | 62 |
| 17 | 39 | 61 |
| 18 | 38 | 62 |
| 19 | 36 | 64 |
| 20 | 37 | 63 |
| 21 | 36 | 64 |
| 22 | 36 | 64 |
| 23 | 35 | 65 |
| 24 | 35 | 65 |
| 25 | 35 | 65 |
| 26 | 34 | 66 |
| 27 | 33 | 67 |
| 28 | 33 | 67 |
| 29 | 33 | 67 |
| 30 | 32 | 68 |
| 31 | 31 | 69 |
Chance of precipitation in October
Ourense gets around 110 mm of rain over 11.9 wet days in October. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 39% and peaks near 45% on the wettest days. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 29 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 45 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 29 |
| 2 | 29 |
| 3 | 29 |
| 4 | 30 |
| 5 | 31 |
| 6 | 32 |
| 7 | 33 |
| 8 | 34 |
| 9 | 35 |
| 10 | 37 |
| 11 | 38 |
| 12 | 39 |
| 13 | 40 |
| 14 | 41 |
| 15 | 41 |
| 16 | 42 |
| 17 | 43 |
| 18 | 43 |
| 19 | 43 |
| 20 | 43 |
| 21 | 43 |
| 22 | 43 |
| 23 | 43 |
| 24 | 44 |
| 25 | 44 |
| 26 | 44 |
| 27 | 44 |
| 28 | 44 |
| 29 | 45 |
| 30 | 45 |
| 31 | 45 |
Humidity in October
Most of October feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, October lands in the dry band about 89% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 83 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 92 | 93 | 93 | 93 | 94 | 94 | 95 | 95 |
| Comfortable (%) | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 83 | 17 |
| 2 | 83 | 17 |
| 3 | 84 | 16 |
| 4 | 84 | 16 |
| 5 | 85 | 15 |
| 6 | 85 | 15 |
| 7 | 86 | 14 |
| 8 | 87 | 13 |
| 9 | 87 | 13 |
| 10 | 88 | 12 |
| 11 | 88 | 12 |
| 12 | 89 | 11 |
| 13 | 89 | 11 |
| 14 | 89 | 11 |
| 15 | 89 | 11 |
| 16 | 90 | 10 |
| 17 | 90 | 10 |
| 18 | 91 | 9 |
| 19 | 91 | 9 |
| 20 | 91 | 9 |
| 21 | 92 | 8 |
| 22 | 92 | 8 |
| 23 | 92 | 8 |
| 24 | 92 | 8 |
| 25 | 93 | 7 |
| 26 | 93 | 7 |
| 27 | 93 | 7 |
| 28 | 94 | 6 |
| 29 | 94 | 6 |
| 30 | 95 | 5 |
| 31 | 95 | 5 |
Wind in October
Winds average 9 km/h in October.
Across October, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
| 31 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in October
Daylight runs from about 11 h 30 min at the start of October to 10 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 78 minutes over October. Sunrise moves from 7:34 AM to 8:10 AM, and sunset from 7:07 PM to 6:20 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:34 | 7:35 | 7:36 | 7:37 | 7:39 | 7:40 | 7:41 | 7:42 | 7:43 | 7:44 | 7:46 | 7:47 | 7:48 | 7:49 | 7:50 | 7:52 | 7:53 | 7:54 | 7:55 | 7:56 | 7:58 | 7:59 | 8:00 | 8:01 | 8:03 | 8:04 | 8:05 | 8:06 | 8:08 | 8:09 | 8:10 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:07 | 7:05 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:00 | 6:58 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:53 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:48 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:43 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:24 | 6:22 | 6:21 | 6:20 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.5 | 7:34 | 7:07 |
| 2 | 11.5 | 7:35 | 7:05 |
| 3 | 11.5 | 7:36 | 7:03 |
| 4 | 11.4 | 7:37 | 7:02 |
| 5 | 11.4 | 7:39 | 7:00 |
| 6 | 11.3 | 7:40 | 6:58 |
| 7 | 11.3 | 7:41 | 6:56 |
| 8 | 11.2 | 7:42 | 6:55 |
| 9 | 11.2 | 7:43 | 6:53 |
| 10 | 11.1 | 7:44 | 6:51 |
| 11 | 11.1 | 7:46 | 6:50 |
| 12 | 11.0 | 7:47 | 6:48 |
| 13 | 11.0 | 7:48 | 6:46 |
| 14 | 10.9 | 7:49 | 6:45 |
| 15 | 10.9 | 7:50 | 6:43 |
| 16 | 10.8 | 7:52 | 6:41 |
| 17 | 10.8 | 7:53 | 6:40 |
| 18 | 10.7 | 7:54 | 6:38 |
| 19 | 10.7 | 7:55 | 6:37 |
| 20 | 10.6 | 7:56 | 6:35 |
| 21 | 10.6 | 7:58 | 6:34 |
| 22 | 10.6 | 7:59 | 6:32 |
| 23 | 10.5 | 8:00 | 6:31 |
| 24 | 10.5 | 8:01 | 6:29 |
| 25 | 10.4 | 8:03 | 6:28 |
| 26 | 10.4 | 8:04 | 6:26 |
| 27 | 10.3 | 8:05 | 6:25 |
| 28 | 10.3 | 8:06 | 6:24 |
| 29 | 10.2 | 8:08 | 6:22 |
| 30 | 10.2 | 8:09 | 6:21 |
| 31 | 10.2 | 8:10 | 6:20 |
Solar energy in October
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in October, about 2.86 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.39 kWh/m² to a high of 6.86 kWh/m² in July across the year — October's 2.86 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 2 | 3.6 | Moderate |
| 3 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 4 | 3.5 | Moderate |
| 5 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 6 | 3.4 | Moderate |
| 7 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 8 | 3.3 | Moderate |
| 9 | 3.2 | Moderate |
| 10 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 11 | 3.1 | Moderate |
| 12 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 13 | 3.0 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.9 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.8 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.7 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.6 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.5 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.4 | Moderate |
| 27 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 28 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 29 | 2.3 | Moderate |
| 30 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 31 | 2.2 | Moderate |
Is October a good time to visit Ourense?
Our two travel scores rate October for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
October is a reasonable time to visit Ourense for sightseeing.
What to pack for Ourense in October
From October's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In October, Ourense sees daytime highs around 18°C and nights near 9°C. Worth packing: rain gear. About 12 days see rain.
UV index in Ourense in October
Clear-sky midday UV in October peaks around 4 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Ourense peaks around July 14 at about 9 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Level | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Low |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 5 | Moderate |
| Apr | 7 | High |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 8 | Very high |
| Sep | 6 | High |
| Oct | 4 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Ourense?
Ourense sits at 42.3°N, 7.9°W, 146 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Monforte de Lemos, 35 km away.
Topography around Ourense
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Ourense.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Ourense has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 372 m around an average of 198 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 841 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,765 m.
The land around Ourense is covered by trees (46%), artificial surfaces (29%) and grassland (21%) within 3 km, trees (71%) and grassland (24%) within 16 km, and trees (56%) and grassland (38%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Ourense (42.3367°, -7.8641°, elevation 146 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).