Zafra weather in December
In December, Zafra sees average daytime highs of 13°C and overnight lows near 5°C, with 53 mm of rain across 7.1 wet days and about 9.4 hours of daylight. It is the 11th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 13°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 35% of the time in December, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 30 min at the start of December to 9 h 24 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, December is Zafra's 12th-clearest and 4th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Zafra's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 13°
- 11th warmest
- Overnight low
- 5°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 53 mm
- 7.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 h 18 min
- 8:42 AM – 6:02 PM
- Cloud cover
- 57%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 4th windiest
- Solar energy
- 2.04 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 4.0
- out of 10
Zafra is capital of Zafra Municipality, Spain.
- Air quality
- Good
- PM10 15.8 µg/m³ · 2010
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in December
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 13°C through the month.
A typical December day in Zafra reaches about 13°C in the afternoon and slips back to 5°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 10°C and 16°C. Set against its neighbours, December runs about 3°C cooler than November and on par with January.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Avg low (°C) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | 6 |
| 2 | 14 | 6 |
| 3 | 14 | 6 |
| 4 | 14 | 6 |
| 5 | 14 | 6 |
| 6 | 14 | 6 |
| 7 | 14 | 6 |
| 8 | 13 | 6 |
| 9 | 13 | 6 |
| 10 | 13 | 6 |
| 11 | 13 | 6 |
| 12 | 13 | 6 |
| 13 | 13 | 6 |
| 14 | 13 | 6 |
| 15 | 13 | 5 |
| 16 | 13 | 5 |
| 17 | 13 | 5 |
| 18 | 13 | 5 |
| 19 | 13 | 5 |
| 20 | 13 | 5 |
| 21 | 13 | 5 |
| 22 | 13 | 5 |
| 23 | 13 | 5 |
| 24 | 13 | 5 |
| 25 | 13 | 5 |
| 26 | 13 | 5 |
| 27 | 13 | 5 |
| 28 | 13 | 5 |
| 29 | 13 | 5 |
| 30 | 13 | 5 |
| 31 | 13 | 5 |
How December really feels in Zafra
Once humidity and wind are folded in, December averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
December sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Zafra weather by month
How December compares with the rest of the year at a glance. December is the 11th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13° / 4° | 42 | 7.3 | 9.6 | 3.7 |
| Feb | 14° / 5° | 41 | 6.3 | 10.5 | 4.6 |
| Mar | 18° / 7° | 44 | 7.5 | 11.7 | 6.1 |
| Apr | 20° / 9° | 46 | 8.4 | 13 | 6.6 |
| May | 24° / 12° | 39 | 7.1 | 14.1 | 7.4 |
| Jun | 29° / 16° | 12 | 2.6 | 14.6 | 6.7 |
| Jul | 33° / 18° | 3 | 0.9 | 14.4 | 4.8 |
| Aug | 33° / 18° | 7 | 1.3 | 13.5 | 4.8 |
| Sep | 28° / 16° | 25 | 4 | 12.3 | 7.0 |
| Oct | 22° / 12° | 58 | 7.4 | 11 | 7.2 |
| Nov | 16° / 8° | 52 | 7.4 | 9.9 | 5.6 |
| Dec | 13° / 5° | 53 | 7.1 | 9.4 | 4.0 |
Cloud cover in December
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 35% of the time in December, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 12% of December, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 53%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 |
| Cloudier (%) | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 49 | 51 |
| 2 | 48 | 52 |
| 3 | 48 | 52 |
| 4 | 48 | 52 |
| 5 | 47 | 53 |
| 6 | 47 | 53 |
| 7 | 46 | 54 |
| 8 | 45 | 55 |
| 9 | 45 | 55 |
| 10 | 45 | 55 |
| 11 | 45 | 55 |
| 12 | 45 | 55 |
| 13 | 45 | 55 |
| 14 | 45 | 55 |
| 15 | 45 | 55 |
| 16 | 45 | 55 |
| 17 | 46 | 54 |
| 18 | 46 | 54 |
| 19 | 47 | 53 |
| 20 | 47 | 53 |
| 21 | 47 | 53 |
| 22 | 49 | 51 |
| 23 | 48 | 52 |
| 24 | 48 | 52 |
| 25 | 49 | 51 |
| 26 | 49 | 51 |
| 27 | 48 | 52 |
| 28 | 48 | 52 |
| 29 | 48 | 52 |
| 30 | 48 | 52 |
| 31 | 48 | 52 |
Chance of precipitation in December
Zafra gets around 53 mm of rain over 7.1 wet days in December. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 23% and peaks near 24% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 23 |
| 2 | 23 |
| 3 | 22 |
| 4 | 22 |
| 5 | 22 |
| 6 | 22 |
| 7 | 22 |
| 8 | 22 |
| 9 | 22 |
| 10 | 22 |
| 11 | 22 |
| 12 | 22 |
| 13 | 22 |
| 14 | 22 |
| 15 | 22 |
| 16 | 23 |
| 17 | 23 |
| 18 | 23 |
| 19 | 23 |
| 20 | 24 |
| 21 | 24 |
| 22 | 24 |
| 23 | 24 |
| 24 | 24 |
| 25 | 24 |
| 26 | 24 |
| 27 | 24 |
| 28 | 24 |
| 29 | 24 |
| 30 | 24 |
| 31 | 24 |
Humidity in December
Most of December feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, December lands in the dry band about 98% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 98 | 2 |
| 10 | 98 | 2 |
| 11 | 98 | 2 |
| 12 | 98 | 2 |
| 13 | 98 | 2 |
| 14 | 98 | 2 |
| 15 | 98 | 2 |
| 16 | 97 | 3 |
| 17 | 97 | 3 |
| 18 | 97 | 3 |
| 19 | 97 | 3 |
| 20 | 97 | 3 |
| 21 | 97 | 3 |
| 22 | 97 | 3 |
| 23 | 98 | 2 |
| 24 | 98 | 2 |
| 25 | 98 | 2 |
| 26 | 98 | 2 |
| 27 | 98 | 2 |
| 28 | 98 | 2 |
| 29 | 99 | 1 |
| 30 | 99 | 1 |
| 31 | 99 | 1 |
Wind in December
Winds average 10 km/h in December.
Across December, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 10 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10 | calm |
| 2 | 10 | calm |
| 3 | 10 | calm |
| 4 | 10 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
| 29 | 10 | calm |
| 30 | 10 | calm |
| 31 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in December
Daylight runs from about 9 h 30 min at the start of December to 9 h 24 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 6 minutes over December. Sunrise moves from 8:30 AM to 8:48 AM, and sunset from 6:01 PM to 6:09 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:30 | 8:31 | 8:32 | 8:33 | 8:34 | 8:34 | 8:35 | 8:36 | 8:37 | 8:38 | 8:38 | 8:39 | 8:40 | 8:40 | 8:41 | 8:42 | 8:42 | 8:43 | 8:44 | 8:44 | 8:45 | 8:45 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:46 | 8:47 | 8:47 | 8:47 | 8:48 | 8:48 | 8:48 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:00 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:01 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:02 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:03 | 6:04 | 6:04 | 6:05 | 6:05 | 6:06 | 6:06 | 6:07 | 6:07 | 6:08 | 6:09 | 6:09 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.5 | 8:30 | 6:01 |
| 2 | 9.5 | 8:31 | 6:01 |
| 3 | 9.5 | 8:32 | 6:01 |
| 4 | 9.5 | 8:33 | 6:01 |
| 5 | 9.4 | 8:34 | 6:00 |
| 6 | 9.4 | 8:34 | 6:00 |
| 7 | 9.4 | 8:35 | 6:00 |
| 8 | 9.4 | 8:36 | 6:00 |
| 9 | 9.4 | 8:37 | 6:01 |
| 10 | 9.4 | 8:38 | 6:01 |
| 11 | 9.4 | 8:38 | 6:01 |
| 12 | 9.4 | 8:39 | 6:01 |
| 13 | 9.4 | 8:40 | 6:01 |
| 14 | 9.3 | 8:40 | 6:01 |
| 15 | 9.3 | 8:41 | 6:02 |
| 16 | 9.3 | 8:42 | 6:02 |
| 17 | 9.3 | 8:42 | 6:02 |
| 18 | 9.3 | 8:43 | 6:03 |
| 19 | 9.3 | 8:44 | 6:03 |
| 20 | 9.3 | 8:44 | 6:03 |
| 21 | 9.3 | 8:45 | 6:04 |
| 22 | 9.3 | 8:45 | 6:04 |
| 23 | 9.3 | 8:46 | 6:05 |
| 24 | 9.3 | 8:46 | 6:05 |
| 25 | 9.3 | 8:46 | 6:06 |
| 26 | 9.3 | 8:47 | 6:06 |
| 27 | 9.3 | 8:47 | 6:07 |
| 28 | 9.3 | 8:47 | 6:07 |
| 29 | 9.3 | 8:48 | 6:08 |
| 30 | 9.3 | 8:48 | 6:09 |
| 31 | 9.4 | 8:48 | 6:09 |
Solar energy in December
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in December, about 2.04 kWh/m² — the year's lowest.
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.04 kWh/m² to a high of 7.94 kWh/m² in July across the year — December's 2.04 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 2 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 3 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 4 | 2.2 | Moderate |
| 5 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 6 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 7 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 8 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 9 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 10 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 11 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 12 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 13 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 14 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 15 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 16 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 17 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 18 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 19 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 20 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 21 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 22 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 23 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 24 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 25 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 26 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 27 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 28 | 2.0 | Moderate |
| 29 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 30 | 2.1 | Moderate |
| 31 | 2.1 | Moderate |
Is December a good time to visit Zafra?
Our two travel scores rate December for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
December is a reasonable time to visit Zafra for sightseeing.
What to pack for Zafra in December
From December's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In December, Zafra sees daytime highs around 13°C and nights near 5°C. Worth packing: a warm layer. About 7 days see rain.
UV index in Zafra in December
Clear-sky midday UV in December peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Zafra peaks around July 15 at about 10 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 18 at about 2 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 2 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Very high | High | High | Moderate | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 2 | Moderate |
| Feb | 3 | Moderate |
| Mar | 6 | High |
| Apr | 8 | Very high |
| May | 7 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 10 | Extreme |
| Aug | 9 | Very high |
| Sep | 7 | High |
| Oct | 5 | High |
| Nov | 3 | Moderate |
| Dec | 2 | Low |
Where is Zafra?
Zafra sits at 38.4°N, 6.4°W, 515 m above sea level, in Spain. The nearest listed city is Almendralejo, 29 km away.
Topography around Zafra
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Zafra.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Zafra has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 243 m around an average of 517 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 482 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,016 m.
The land around Zafra is covered by grassland (46%) and cropland (24%) within 3 km, grassland (42%) and cropland (36%) within 16 km, and grassland (43%), trees (27%) and cropland (26%) within 80 km.
Spain travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type C / F
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 65% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $38,627
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.5 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 99%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.7
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 3.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- Moderate
- EF EPI 540
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Zafra (38.4254°, -6.4173°, elevation 515 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).