Al-Junaynah weather in February
In February, Al-Junaynah sees average daytime highs of 32°C and overnight lows near 16°C, with 0 mm of rain across 0 wet days and about 11.6 hours of daylight. It is the 6th-warmest and 10th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 31°C in the first days to 34°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 74% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 42 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Al-Junaynah's 4th-clearest and 1st-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Al-Junaynah's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 32°
- 6th warmest
- Overnight low
- 16°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 0 mm
- 0 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 36 min
- 7:58 AM – 7:31 PM
- Cloud cover
- 24%
- 4th clearest
- Wind
- 15 km/h
- 1st windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.66 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 5.1
- out of 10
Al-Junaynah is Human settlement in West Darfur, Sudan.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 31°C in the first days to 34°C by the end.
A typical February day in Al-Junaynah reaches about 32°C in the afternoon and slips back to 16°C overnight — a 16°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 28°C and 36°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 31 | 15 |
| 2 | 31 | 15 |
| 3 | 31 | 15 |
| 4 | 31 | 15 |
| 5 | 32 | 15 |
| 6 | 32 | 15 |
| 7 | 32 | 15 |
| 8 | 32 | 16 |
| 9 | 32 | 16 |
| 10 | 32 | 16 |
| 11 | 32 | 16 |
| 12 | 32 | 16 |
| 13 | 32 | 16 |
| 14 | 32 | 16 |
| 15 | 32 | 16 |
| 16 | 32 | 16 |
| 17 | 33 | 16 |
| 18 | 33 | 17 |
| 19 | 33 | 17 |
| 20 | 33 | 17 |
| 21 | 33 | 17 |
| 22 | 33 | 17 |
| 23 | 33 | 17 |
| 24 | 33 | 17 |
| 25 | 34 | 18 |
| 26 | 34 | 18 |
| 27 | 34 | 18 |
| 28 | 34 | 18 |
How February really feels in Al-Junaynah
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 17 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in February is heat — humidity pushes the afternoon "feels like" well above the raw temperature.
Al-Junaynah weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 6th-warmest and 10th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 30° / 14° | 0 | 0 | 11.3 | 6.8 |
| Feb | 32° / 16° | 0 | 0 | 11.6 | 5.1 |
| Mar | 35° / 20° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.9 | 3.1 |
| Apr | 37° / 22° | 3 | 0.9 | 12.3 | 1.7 |
| May | 37° / 24° | 12 | 3.4 | 12.6 | 1.6 |
| Jun | 36° / 23° | 38 | 7.9 | 12.8 | 2.3 |
| Jul | 31° / 22° | 180 | 22.7 | 12.7 | 3.1 |
| Aug | 30° / 21° | 231 | 24.7 | 12.4 | 3.5 |
| Sep | 32° / 21° | 69 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 4.0 |
| Oct | 34° / 21° | 11 | 2.5 | 11.7 | 3.9 |
| Nov | 32° / 18° | 0 | 0 | 11.4 | 5.2 |
| Dec | 30° / 15° | 0 | 0 | 11.2 | 6.7 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 74% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 10% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 15%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 86 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 |
| Cloudier (%) | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 84 | 16 |
| 2 | 84 | 16 |
| 3 | 83 | 17 |
| 4 | 83 | 17 |
| 5 | 83 | 17 |
| 6 | 83 | 17 |
| 7 | 83 | 17 |
| 8 | 83 | 17 |
| 9 | 84 | 16 |
| 10 | 85 | 15 |
| 11 | 85 | 15 |
| 12 | 85 | 15 |
| 13 | 85 | 15 |
| 14 | 86 | 14 |
| 15 | 86 | 14 |
| 16 | 85 | 15 |
| 17 | 85 | 15 |
| 18 | 85 | 15 |
| 19 | 86 | 14 |
| 20 | 86 | 14 |
| 21 | 86 | 14 |
| 22 | 85 | 15 |
| 23 | 85 | 15 |
| 24 | 85 | 15 |
| 25 | 85 | 15 |
| 26 | 85 | 15 |
| 27 | 85 | 15 |
| 28 | 84 | 16 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Al-Junaynah gets around 0 mm of rain over 0 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 0% and peaks near 0% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 0 |
| 5 | 0 |
| 6 | 0 |
| 7 | 0 |
| 8 | 0 |
| 9 | 0 |
| 10 | 0 |
| 11 | 0 |
| 12 | 0 |
| 13 | 0 |
| 14 | 0 |
| 15 | 0 |
| 16 | 0 |
| 17 | 0 |
| 18 | 0 |
| 19 | 0 |
| 20 | 0 |
| 21 | 0 |
| 22 | 0 |
| 23 | 0 |
| 24 | 0 |
| 25 | 0 |
| 26 | 0 |
| 27 | 0 |
| 28 | 0 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
Wind in February
Winds average 15 km/h in February, the windiest month of the year.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 14 km/h on the calmest days to 15 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Feels | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze | light breeze |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | light breeze |
| 2 | 14 | light breeze |
| 3 | 14 | light breeze |
| 4 | 15 | light breeze |
| 5 | 15 | light breeze |
| 6 | 15 | light breeze |
| 7 | 15 | light breeze |
| 8 | 15 | light breeze |
| 9 | 15 | light breeze |
| 10 | 15 | light breeze |
| 11 | 15 | light breeze |
| 12 | 15 | light breeze |
| 13 | 15 | light breeze |
| 14 | 15 | light breeze |
| 15 | 15 | light breeze |
| 16 | 15 | light breeze |
| 17 | 15 | light breeze |
| 18 | 15 | light breeze |
| 19 | 15 | light breeze |
| 20 | 15 | light breeze |
| 21 | 15 | light breeze |
| 22 | 15 | light breeze |
| 23 | 15 | light breeze |
| 24 | 15 | light breeze |
| 25 | 15 | light breeze |
| 26 | 15 | light breeze |
| 27 | 15 | light breeze |
| 28 | 15 | light breeze |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 11 h 24 min at the start of February to 11 h 42 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 18 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 8:01 AM to 7:52 AM, and sunset from 7:26 PM to 7:35 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 11.7 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 8:01 | 8:01 | 8:01 | 8:01 | 8:01 | 8:01 | 8:00 | 8:00 | 8:00 | 8:00 | 7:59 | 7:59 | 7:59 | 7:59 | 7:58 | 7:58 | 7:57 | 7:57 | 7:57 | 7:56 | 7:56 | 7:55 | 7:55 | 7:54 | 7:54 | 7:53 | 7:53 | 7:52 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:26 | 7:26 | 7:27 | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:28 | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:33 | 7:33 | 7:33 | 7:33 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:34 | 7:35 | 7:35 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.4 | 8:01 | 7:26 |
| 2 | 11.4 | 8:01 | 7:26 |
| 3 | 11.4 | 8:01 | 7:27 |
| 4 | 11.4 | 8:01 | 7:27 |
| 5 | 11.4 | 8:01 | 7:28 |
| 6 | 11.5 | 8:01 | 7:28 |
| 7 | 11.5 | 8:00 | 7:29 |
| 8 | 11.5 | 8:00 | 7:29 |
| 9 | 11.5 | 8:00 | 7:29 |
| 10 | 11.5 | 8:00 | 7:30 |
| 11 | 11.5 | 7:59 | 7:30 |
| 12 | 11.5 | 7:59 | 7:30 |
| 13 | 11.5 | 7:59 | 7:31 |
| 14 | 11.5 | 7:59 | 7:31 |
| 15 | 11.6 | 7:58 | 7:31 |
| 16 | 11.6 | 7:58 | 7:32 |
| 17 | 11.6 | 7:57 | 7:32 |
| 18 | 11.6 | 7:57 | 7:32 |
| 19 | 11.6 | 7:57 | 7:33 |
| 20 | 11.6 | 7:56 | 7:33 |
| 21 | 11.6 | 7:56 | 7:33 |
| 22 | 11.6 | 7:55 | 7:33 |
| 23 | 11.6 | 7:55 | 7:34 |
| 24 | 11.7 | 7:54 | 7:34 |
| 25 | 11.7 | 7:54 | 7:34 |
| 26 | 11.7 | 7:53 | 7:34 |
| 27 | 11.7 | 7:53 | 7:35 |
| 28 | 11.7 | 7:52 | 7:35 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 6.66 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.5 kWh/m² to a high of 7.56 kWh/m² in April across the year — February's 6.66 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 7.0 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.8 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.9 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.0 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Al-Junaynah
None of Al-Junaynah's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Al-Junaynah's monsoon runs July–August, when most of the year's rain falls.
Al-Junaynah sees seasonal dust haze (March–October), heaviest in April.
Is February a good time to visit Al-Junaynah?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a reasonable time to visit Al-Junaynah for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Al-Junaynah in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Al-Junaynah sees daytime highs around 32°C and nights near 16°C. Pack light clothes and sun protection.
UV index in Al-Junaynah in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Al-Junaynah peaks around August 18 at about 13 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 16 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 8 |
| Level | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 10 | Very high |
| Feb | 12 | Extreme |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 12 | Extreme |
| May | 11 | Extreme |
| Jun | 11 | Extreme |
| Jul | 10 | Very high |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 11 | Extreme |
| Nov | 9 | Very high |
| Dec | 8 | Very high |
Air quality in Al-Junaynah in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Al-Junaynah is worst in March — around 63 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 2.8× the cleanest month (August, 22 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 38 | 49 | 63 | 51 | 42 | 38 | 32 | 22 | 24 | 31 | 26 | 33 |
| Level | Poor | Poor | Unhealthy | Poor | Poor | Poor | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 38 | Poor |
| Feb | 49 | Poor |
| Mar | 63 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 51 | Poor |
| May | 42 | Poor |
| Jun | 38 | Poor |
| Jul | 32 | Moderate |
| Aug | 22 | Moderate |
| Sep | 24 | Moderate |
| Oct | 31 | Moderate |
| Nov | 26 | Moderate |
| Dec | 33 | Moderate |
Where is Al-Junaynah?
Al-Junaynah sits at 13.5°N, 22.4°E, 797 m above sea level, in Sudan. The nearest listed city is El Geneina Fort, 3.0 km away.
Topography around Al-Junaynah
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Al-Junaynah.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Al-Junaynah has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 54 m around an average of 794 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 273 m; within 80 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 543 m.
The land around Al-Junaynah is covered by artificial surfaces (45%) and grassland (28%) within 3 km, grassland (58%) and cropland (33%) within 16 km, and grassland (74%) within 80 km.
Sudan travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / D / F / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 215% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,165
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.1 / 10
- World Happiness, 2017
- Homicide rate
- 5.1
- per 100k, 2008
- Road deaths
- 26.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 421
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Al-Junaynah (13.4526°, 22.4473°, elevation 797 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).