Solothurn weather in November
In November, Solothurn sees average daytime highs of 8°C and overnight lows near 2°C, with 96 mm of precipitation across 13.3 wet days and about 9.1 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 9th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs ease over the month, from about 10°C in the first days to 5°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 14% of the time in November, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 9 h 48 min at the start of November to 8 h 36 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, November is Solothurn's 12th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Solothurn's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 8°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 2°
- 5th coldest
- Precipitation
- 96 mm
- 13.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 9 h 06 min
- 7:43 AM – 4:47 PM
- Cloud cover
- 74%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 6 km/h
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 1.4 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 1.0
- out of 10
- Air quality
- Good
- PM2.5 9 µg/m³ · 2020
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in November
Highs ease over the month, from about 10°C in the first days to 5°C by the end.
A typical November day in Solothurn reaches about 8°C in the afternoon and slips back to 2°C overnight — a 6°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 3°C and 13°C. Set against its neighbours, November runs about 6°C cooler than October and about 3°C warmer than December.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Avg low (°C) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | 4 |
| 2 | 11 | 4 |
| 3 | 10 | 4 |
| 4 | 10 | 4 |
| 5 | 10 | 4 |
| 6 | 10 | 3 |
| 7 | 10 | 3 |
| 8 | 9 | 3 |
| 9 | 9 | 3 |
| 10 | 9 | 3 |
| 11 | 8 | 3 |
| 12 | 8 | 2 |
| 13 | 8 | 2 |
| 14 | 8 | 2 |
| 15 | 7 | 2 |
| 16 | 7 | 2 |
| 17 | 7 | 1 |
| 18 | 7 | 1 |
| 19 | 7 | 1 |
| 20 | 6 | 1 |
| 21 | 6 | 1 |
| 22 | 6 | 1 |
| 23 | 6 | 1 |
| 24 | 6 | 1 |
| 25 | 6 | 1 |
| 26 | 6 | 0 |
| 27 | 5 | 0 |
| 28 | 5 | 0 |
| 29 | 5 | 0 |
| 30 | 5 | 0 |
How November really feels in Solothurn
Once humidity and wind are folded in, November averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 17 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
The story in November is cold — wind chill drags the overnight "feels like" below the raw low.
Solothurn weather by month
How November compares with the rest of the year at a glance. November is the 9th-warmest and 9th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 4° / -2° | 83 | 13 | 7.1 | 8.7 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 5° / -2° | 74 | 11.7 | 6.7 | 10 | 0.2 |
| Mar | 10° / 2° | 90 | 14.1 | 4.9 | 11.6 | 2.0 |
| Apr | 14° / 5° | 103 | 15.6 | 2.2 | 13.3 | 3.4 |
| May | 18° / 9° | 146 | 17.9 | 0.2 | 14.8 | 4.6 |
| Jun | 21° / 12° | 140 | 17.5 | 0 | 15.6 | 5.4 |
| Jul | 23° / 14° | 146 | 17.1 | 0 | 15.3 | 5.9 |
| Aug | 23° / 13° | 149 | 16.3 | 0 | 14 | 5.9 |
| Sep | 19° / 10° | 108 | 13.6 | 0 | 12.4 | 5.3 |
| Oct | 14° / 6° | 102 | 13.4 | 0.4 | 10.6 | 3.5 |
| Nov | 8° / 2° | 96 | 13.3 | 3.6 | 9.1 | 1.0 |
| Dec | 4° / -1° | 100 | 14.2 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in November
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 14% of the time in November, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 13% of November, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 73%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 32 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 27 | 27 |
| Cloudier (%) | 68 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 32 | 68 |
| 2 | 32 | 68 |
| 3 | 31 | 69 |
| 4 | 31 | 69 |
| 5 | 31 | 69 |
| 6 | 28 | 72 |
| 7 | 28 | 72 |
| 8 | 28 | 72 |
| 9 | 27 | 73 |
| 10 | 26 | 74 |
| 11 | 26 | 74 |
| 12 | 26 | 74 |
| 13 | 25 | 75 |
| 14 | 25 | 75 |
| 15 | 25 | 75 |
| 16 | 25 | 75 |
| 17 | 26 | 74 |
| 18 | 27 | 73 |
| 19 | 27 | 73 |
| 20 | 26 | 74 |
| 21 | 27 | 73 |
| 22 | 27 | 73 |
| 23 | 27 | 73 |
| 24 | 26 | 74 |
| 25 | 27 | 73 |
| 26 | 27 | 73 |
| 27 | 26 | 74 |
| 28 | 26 | 74 |
| 29 | 27 | 73 |
| 30 | 27 | 73 |
Chance of precipitation in November
Solothurn gets around 96 mm of rain and snow over 13.3 wet days in November. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 44% and peaks near 46% on the wettest days, and about 4 days bring snow.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 |
| Snow chance (%) | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
| Rain chance (%) | Snow chance (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 43 | 3 |
| 2 | 43 | 3 |
| 3 | 43 | 4 |
| 4 | 44 | 4 |
| 5 | 45 | 4 |
| 6 | 45 | 5 |
| 7 | 46 | 6 |
| 8 | 46 | 6 |
| 9 | 46 | 7 |
| 10 | 46 | 8 |
| 11 | 46 | 9 |
| 12 | 46 | 10 |
| 13 | 46 | 11 |
| 14 | 46 | 12 |
| 15 | 45 | 12 |
| 16 | 45 | 13 |
| 17 | 44 | 14 |
| 18 | 44 | 15 |
| 19 | 43 | 15 |
| 20 | 43 | 16 |
| 21 | 43 | 17 |
| 22 | 42 | 17 |
| 23 | 42 | 17 |
| 24 | 42 | 18 |
| 25 | 42 | 18 |
| 26 | 42 | 18 |
| 27 | 42 | 18 |
| 28 | 42 | 18 |
| 29 | 43 | 18 |
| 30 | 43 | 18 |
Humidity in November
Most of November feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, November lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
Wind in November
Winds average 6 km/h in November.
Across November, daily wind ranges from about 6 km/h on the calmest days to 7 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | calm |
| 2 | 7 | calm |
| 3 | 7 | calm |
| 4 | 7 | calm |
| 5 | 7 | calm |
| 6 | 7 | calm |
| 7 | 7 | calm |
| 8 | 7 | calm |
| 9 | 7 | calm |
| 10 | 7 | calm |
| 11 | 7 | calm |
| 12 | 7 | calm |
| 13 | 7 | calm |
| 14 | 7 | calm |
| 15 | 7 | calm |
| 16 | 6 | calm |
| 17 | 6 | calm |
| 18 | 6 | calm |
| 19 | 6 | calm |
| 20 | 6 | calm |
| 21 | 6 | calm |
| 22 | 6 | calm |
| 23 | 6 | calm |
| 24 | 6 | calm |
| 25 | 6 | calm |
| 26 | 6 | calm |
| 27 | 6 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
| 29 | 7 | calm |
| 30 | 7 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in November
Daylight runs from about 9 h 48 min at the start of November to 8 h 36 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 72 minutes over November. Sunrise moves from 7:21 AM to 8:02 AM, and sunset from 5:06 PM to 4:37 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 9.8 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.6 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 7:21 | 7:22 | 7:24 | 7:25 | 7:27 | 7:28 | 7:30 | 7:31 | 7:33 | 7:34 | 7:36 | 7:37 | 7:39 | 7:40 | 7:41 | 7:43 | 7:44 | 7:46 | 7:47 | 7:49 | 7:50 | 7:51 | 7:53 | 7:54 | 7:55 | 7:57 | 7:58 | 7:59 | 8:00 | 8:02 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:06 | 5:05 | 5:03 | 5:02 | 5:01 | 4:59 | 4:58 | 4:57 | 4:55 | 4:54 | 4:53 | 4:52 | 4:51 | 4:49 | 4:48 | 4:47 | 4:46 | 4:45 | 4:44 | 4:44 | 4:43 | 4:42 | 4:41 | 4:40 | 4:40 | 4:39 | 4:39 | 4:38 | 4:37 | 4:37 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9.8 | 7:21 | 5:06 |
| 2 | 9.7 | 7:22 | 5:05 |
| 3 | 9.7 | 7:24 | 5:03 |
| 4 | 9.6 | 7:25 | 5:02 |
| 5 | 9.6 | 7:27 | 5:01 |
| 6 | 9.5 | 7:28 | 4:59 |
| 7 | 9.5 | 7:30 | 4:58 |
| 8 | 9.4 | 7:31 | 4:57 |
| 9 | 9.4 | 7:33 | 4:55 |
| 10 | 9.3 | 7:34 | 4:54 |
| 11 | 9.3 | 7:36 | 4:53 |
| 12 | 9.2 | 7:37 | 4:52 |
| 13 | 9.2 | 7:39 | 4:51 |
| 14 | 9.2 | 7:40 | 4:49 |
| 15 | 9.1 | 7:41 | 4:48 |
| 16 | 9.1 | 7:43 | 4:47 |
| 17 | 9.0 | 7:44 | 4:46 |
| 18 | 9.0 | 7:46 | 4:45 |
| 19 | 9.0 | 7:47 | 4:44 |
| 20 | 8.9 | 7:49 | 4:44 |
| 21 | 8.9 | 7:50 | 4:43 |
| 22 | 8.8 | 7:51 | 4:42 |
| 23 | 8.8 | 7:53 | 4:41 |
| 24 | 8.8 | 7:54 | 4:40 |
| 25 | 8.7 | 7:55 | 4:40 |
| 26 | 8.7 | 7:57 | 4:39 |
| 27 | 8.7 | 7:58 | 4:39 |
| 28 | 8.6 | 7:59 | 4:38 |
| 29 | 8.6 | 8:00 | 4:37 |
| 30 | 8.6 | 8:02 | 4:37 |
Solar energy in November
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in November, about 1.4 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 1.03 kWh/m² to a high of 5.59 kWh/m² in July across the year — November's 1.4 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 |
| Level | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim | Dim |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 2 | 1.8 | Dim |
| 3 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 4 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 5 | 1.7 | Dim |
| 6 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 7 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 8 | 1.6 | Dim |
| 9 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 10 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 11 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 12 | 1.5 | Dim |
| 13 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 14 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 15 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 16 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 17 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 18 | 1.4 | Dim |
| 19 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 20 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 21 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 22 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 23 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 24 | 1.3 | Dim |
| 25 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 26 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 27 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 28 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 29 | 1.2 | Dim |
| 30 | 1.1 | Dim |
Is November a good time to visit Solothurn?
Our two travel scores rate November for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
November is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Solothurn.
What to pack for Solothurn in November
From November's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In November, Solothurn sees daytime highs around 8°C and nights near 2°C. Pack a warm layer. Worth having: a heavy coat and rain gear. About 13 days see rain.
UV index in Solothurn in November
Clear-sky midday UV in November peaks around 2. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Solothurn peaks around July 15 at about 8 (very high) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 1 (low).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 8 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Level | Low | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 1 | Low |
| Feb | 2 | Low |
| Mar | 4 | Moderate |
| Apr | 5 | Moderate |
| May | 7 | High |
| Jun | 7 | Very high |
| Jul | 8 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | High |
| Sep | 4 | Moderate |
| Oct | 3 | Moderate |
| Nov | 2 | Low |
| Dec | 1 | Low |
Where is Solothurn?
Solothurn sits at 47.2°N, 7.5°E, 440 m above sea level, in Switzerland. The nearest listed city is Grenchen, 11 km away.
Topography around Solothurn
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Solothurn.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Solothurn has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 182 m around an average of 471 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,021 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,836 m.
The land around Solothurn is covered by trees (41%) and artificial surfaces (24%) within 3 km, trees (47%), grassland (24%) and cropland (21%) within 16 km, and trees (47%) and grassland (31%) within 80 km.
Switzerland travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 1
- Exercise Normal Precautions
- Power plugs
- Type C / J
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 112% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $114,769
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 97%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 0.6
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 2.2
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- English
- High
- EF EPI 564
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Solothurn (47.2079°, 7.5371°, elevation 440 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).