Mto wa Mbu weather in August
In August, Mto wa Mbu sees average daytime highs of 20°C and overnight lows near 10°C, with 22 mm of rain across 6.4 wet days and about 11.9 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 17% of the time in August, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 54 min at the start of August to 11 h 54 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, August is Mto wa Mbu's 7th-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mto wa Mbu's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 20°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 10°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 22 mm
- 6.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 54 min
- 6:44 AM – 6:37 PM
- Cloud cover
- 65%
- 7th clearest
- Wind
- 8 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.53 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.7
- out of 10
Mto wa Mbu is human settlement.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in August
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 20°C through the month.
A typical August day in Mto wa Mbu reaches about 20°C in the afternoon and slips back to 10°C overnight — a 10°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 18°C and 22°C. Set against its neighbours, August runs about 1°C warmer than July and about 2°C cooler than September.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | 10 |
| 2 | 20 | 10 |
| 3 | 20 | 10 |
| 4 | 20 | 10 |
| 5 | 20 | 10 |
| 6 | 20 | 10 |
| 7 | 20 | 10 |
| 8 | 20 | 10 |
| 9 | 20 | 10 |
| 10 | 20 | 10 |
| 11 | 20 | 10 |
| 12 | 20 | 10 |
| 13 | 20 | 10 |
| 14 | 20 | 10 |
| 15 | 20 | 10 |
| 16 | 20 | 10 |
| 17 | 20 | 10 |
| 18 | 20 | 10 |
| 19 | 21 | 10 |
| 20 | 21 | 10 |
| 21 | 21 | 10 |
| 22 | 21 | 10 |
| 23 | 21 | 10 |
| 24 | 21 | 10 |
| 25 | 21 | 10 |
| 26 | 21 | 10 |
| 27 | 21 | 10 |
| 28 | 21 | 10 |
| 29 | 21 | 10 |
| 30 | 21 | 10 |
| 31 | 21 | 10 |
Mto wa Mbu weather by month
How August compares with the rest of the year at a glance. August is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24° / 14° | 305 | 14.4 | 12.2 | 6.2 |
| Feb | 25° / 14° | 200 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 6.4 |
| Mar | 24° / 14° | 245 | 16.8 | 12 | 5.8 |
| Apr | 22° / 14° | 217 | 25.7 | 11.9 | 4.2 |
| May | 21° / 13° | 132 | 19.4 | 11.9 | 5.0 |
| Jun | 20° / 11° | 35 | 9 | 11.8 | 6.1 |
| Jul | 19° / 10° | 23 | 6 | 11.8 | 6.5 |
| Aug | 20° / 10° | 22 | 6.4 | 11.9 | 6.7 |
| Sep | 22° / 11° | 16 | 4.1 | 12 | 7.6 |
| Oct | 23° / 12° | 48 | 10 | 12.1 | 6.9 |
| Nov | 24° / 14° | 129 | 16.4 | 12.2 | 5.8 |
| Dec | 24° / 14° | 248 | 17.3 | 12.2 | 5.8 |
Cloud cover in August
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 17% of the time in August.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 18% of August, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 65%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 33 | 32 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 42 | 42 |
| Cloudier (%) | 67 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 57 | 58 | 58 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 33 | 67 |
| 2 | 32 | 68 |
| 3 | 31 | 69 |
| 4 | 31 | 69 |
| 5 | 31 | 69 |
| 6 | 31 | 69 |
| 7 | 31 | 69 |
| 8 | 30 | 70 |
| 9 | 30 | 70 |
| 10 | 31 | 69 |
| 11 | 31 | 69 |
| 12 | 31 | 69 |
| 13 | 32 | 68 |
| 14 | 33 | 67 |
| 15 | 34 | 66 |
| 16 | 34 | 66 |
| 17 | 35 | 65 |
| 18 | 36 | 64 |
| 19 | 36 | 64 |
| 20 | 38 | 62 |
| 21 | 38 | 62 |
| 22 | 39 | 61 |
| 23 | 39 | 61 |
| 24 | 40 | 60 |
| 25 | 41 | 59 |
| 26 | 42 | 58 |
| 27 | 42 | 58 |
| 28 | 42 | 58 |
| 29 | 43 | 57 |
| 30 | 42 | 58 |
| 31 | 42 | 58 |
Chance of precipitation in August
Mto wa Mbu gets around 22 mm of rain over 6.4 wet days in August. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 21% and peaks near 23% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 22 |
| 2 | 22 |
| 3 | 23 |
| 4 | 23 |
| 5 | 23 |
| 6 | 23 |
| 7 | 23 |
| 8 | 23 |
| 9 | 23 |
| 10 | 22 |
| 11 | 22 |
| 12 | 22 |
| 13 | 22 |
| 14 | 21 |
| 15 | 21 |
| 16 | 21 |
| 17 | 21 |
| 18 | 20 |
| 19 | 20 |
| 20 | 20 |
| 21 | 19 |
| 22 | 19 |
| 23 | 19 |
| 24 | 18 |
| 25 | 18 |
| 26 | 18 |
| 27 | 18 |
| 28 | 18 |
| 29 | 18 |
| 30 | 17 |
| 31 | 17 |
Humidity in August
Most of August feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, August lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Comfortable (%) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 99 | 1 |
| 2 | 99 | 1 |
| 3 | 99 | 1 |
| 4 | 99 | 1 |
| 5 | 99 | 1 |
| 6 | 99 | 1 |
| 7 | 99 | 1 |
| 8 | 99 | 1 |
| 9 | 99 | 1 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 99 | 1 |
| 23 | 99 | 1 |
| 24 | 99 | 1 |
| 25 | 99 | 1 |
| 26 | 99 | 1 |
| 27 | 99 | 1 |
| 28 | 100 | 0 |
| 29 | 100 | 0 |
| 30 | 100 | 0 |
| 31 | 100 | 0 |
Wind in August
Winds average 8 km/h in August.
Across August, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 8 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 8 | calm |
| 12 | 8 | calm |
| 13 | 8 | calm |
| 14 | 8 | calm |
| 15 | 8 | calm |
| 16 | 8 | calm |
| 17 | 8 | calm |
| 18 | 8 | calm |
| 19 | 8 | calm |
| 20 | 8 | calm |
| 21 | 8 | calm |
| 22 | 8 | calm |
| 23 | 8 | calm |
| 24 | 8 | calm |
| 25 | 8 | calm |
| 26 | 8 | calm |
| 27 | 8 | calm |
| 28 | 8 | calm |
| 29 | 8 | calm |
| 30 | 8 | calm |
| 31 | 8 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in August
Daylight runs from about 11 h 54 min at the start of August to 11 h 54 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 0 minutes over August. Sunrise moves from 6:47 AM to 6:39 AM, and sunset from 6:38 PM to 6:35 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:35 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.9 | 6:47 | 6:38 |
| 2 | 11.9 | 6:47 | 6:38 |
| 3 | 11.9 | 6:47 | 6:38 |
| 4 | 11.9 | 6:47 | 6:38 |
| 5 | 11.9 | 6:47 | 6:38 |
| 6 | 11.9 | 6:46 | 6:38 |
| 7 | 11.9 | 6:46 | 6:38 |
| 8 | 11.9 | 6:46 | 6:38 |
| 9 | 11.9 | 6:46 | 6:38 |
| 10 | 11.9 | 6:46 | 6:38 |
| 11 | 11.9 | 6:45 | 6:38 |
| 12 | 11.9 | 6:45 | 6:38 |
| 13 | 11.9 | 6:45 | 6:38 |
| 14 | 11.9 | 6:45 | 6:38 |
| 15 | 11.9 | 6:44 | 6:38 |
| 16 | 11.9 | 6:44 | 6:37 |
| 17 | 11.9 | 6:44 | 6:37 |
| 18 | 11.9 | 6:43 | 6:37 |
| 19 | 11.9 | 6:43 | 6:37 |
| 20 | 11.9 | 6:43 | 6:37 |
| 21 | 11.9 | 6:42 | 6:37 |
| 22 | 11.9 | 6:42 | 6:36 |
| 23 | 11.9 | 6:42 | 6:36 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 6:41 | 6:36 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 6:41 | 6:36 |
| 26 | 11.9 | 6:41 | 6:36 |
| 27 | 11.9 | 6:40 | 6:36 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:40 | 6:35 |
| 29 | 11.9 | 6:39 | 6:35 |
| 30 | 11.9 | 6:39 | 6:35 |
| 31 | 11.9 | 6:39 | 6:35 |
Solar energy in August
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in August, about 5.53 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.88 kWh/m² to a high of 6.59 kWh/m² in February across the year — August's 5.53 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 31 | 5.9 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Mto wa Mbu
None of Mto wa Mbu's seasonal hazards are active in August. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Mto wa Mbu's monsoon runs December–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is August a good time to visit Mto wa Mbu?
Our two travel scores rate August for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
August is a reasonable time to visit Mto wa Mbu for sightseeing.
What to pack for Mto wa Mbu in August
From August's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In August, Mto wa Mbu sees daytime highs around 20°C and nights near 10°C. Worth packing: sun protection. About 6 days see rain.
UV index in Mto wa Mbu in August
Clear-sky midday UV in August peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mto wa Mbu peaks around March 13 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Mto wa Mbu?
Mto wa Mbu sits at 3.4°S, 35.9°E, 985 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Kiratu, 20 km away.
Topography around Mto wa Mbu
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mto wa Mbu.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mto wa Mbu has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 419 m around an average of 1,070 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,164 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,023 m.
The land around Mto wa Mbu is covered by trees (50%) within 3 km, grassland (32%) within 16 km, and grassland (46%) and shrubs (26%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mto wa Mbu (-3.35°, 35.85°, elevation 985 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).