Mto wa Mbu weather in September
In September, Mto wa Mbu sees average daytime highs of 22°C and overnight lows near 11°C, with 16 mm of rain across 4.1 wet days and about 12 hours of daylight. It is the 8th-warmest and 12th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 21°C in the first days to 23°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 27% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 11 h 54 min at the start of September to 12 hours by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Mto wa Mbu's 1st-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Mto wa Mbu's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 22°
- 8th warmest
- Overnight low
- 11°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 16 mm
- 4.1 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 hours
- 6:31 AM – 6:30 PM
- Cloud cover
- 56%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 9 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 6.41 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 7.6
- out of 10
Mto wa Mbu is human settlement.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Highs climb over the month, from about 21°C in the first days to 23°C by the end.
A typical September day in Mto wa Mbu reaches about 22°C in the afternoon and slips back to 11°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 24°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 2°C warmer than August and about 1°C cooler than October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21 | 10 |
| 2 | 21 | 10 |
| 3 | 21 | 11 |
| 4 | 21 | 11 |
| 5 | 21 | 11 |
| 6 | 22 | 11 |
| 7 | 22 | 11 |
| 8 | 22 | 11 |
| 9 | 22 | 11 |
| 10 | 22 | 11 |
| 11 | 22 | 11 |
| 12 | 22 | 11 |
| 13 | 22 | 11 |
| 14 | 22 | 11 |
| 15 | 22 | 11 |
| 16 | 22 | 11 |
| 17 | 22 | 11 |
| 18 | 22 | 11 |
| 19 | 23 | 11 |
| 20 | 23 | 11 |
| 21 | 23 | 11 |
| 22 | 23 | 11 |
| 23 | 23 | 11 |
| 24 | 23 | 11 |
| 25 | 23 | 11 |
| 26 | 23 | 11 |
| 27 | 23 | 11 |
| 28 | 23 | 11 |
| 29 | 23 | 12 |
| 30 | 23 | 12 |
Mto wa Mbu weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 8th-warmest and 12th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24° / 14° | 305 | 14.4 | 12.2 | 6.2 |
| Feb | 25° / 14° | 200 | 11.5 | 12.1 | 6.4 |
| Mar | 24° / 14° | 245 | 16.8 | 12 | 5.8 |
| Apr | 22° / 14° | 217 | 25.7 | 11.9 | 4.2 |
| May | 21° / 13° | 132 | 19.4 | 11.9 | 5.0 |
| Jun | 20° / 11° | 35 | 9 | 11.8 | 6.1 |
| Jul | 19° / 10° | 23 | 6 | 11.8 | 6.5 |
| Aug | 20° / 10° | 22 | 6.4 | 11.9 | 6.7 |
| Sep | 22° / 11° | 16 | 4.1 | 12 | 7.6 |
| Oct | 23° / 12° | 48 | 10 | 12.1 | 6.9 |
| Nov | 24° / 14° | 129 | 16.4 | 12.2 | 5.8 |
| Dec | 24° / 14° | 248 | 17.3 | 12.2 | 5.8 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 27% of the time in September, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 25% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 48%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 55 | 56 | 56 | 57 | 58 | 58 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 56 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 |
| Cloudier (%) | 57 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 56 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 42 | 42 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 42 | 44 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 43 | 57 |
| 2 | 43 | 57 |
| 3 | 43 | 57 |
| 4 | 44 | 56 |
| 5 | 44 | 56 |
| 6 | 45 | 55 |
| 7 | 46 | 54 |
| 8 | 47 | 53 |
| 9 | 49 | 51 |
| 10 | 50 | 50 |
| 11 | 51 | 49 |
| 12 | 52 | 48 |
| 13 | 53 | 47 |
| 14 | 53 | 47 |
| 15 | 55 | 45 |
| 16 | 56 | 44 |
| 17 | 56 | 44 |
| 18 | 57 | 43 |
| 19 | 58 | 42 |
| 20 | 58 | 42 |
| 21 | 59 | 41 |
| 22 | 58 | 42 |
| 23 | 58 | 42 |
| 24 | 58 | 42 |
| 25 | 56 | 44 |
| 26 | 56 | 44 |
| 27 | 56 | 44 |
| 28 | 55 | 45 |
| 29 | 55 | 45 |
| 30 | 54 | 46 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Mto wa Mbu gets around 16 mm of rain over 4.1 wet days in September, the driest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 15% and peaks near 19% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 19 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 17 |
| 2 | 16 |
| 3 | 16 |
| 4 | 16 |
| 5 | 15 |
| 6 | 15 |
| 7 | 15 |
| 8 | 14 |
| 9 | 14 |
| 10 | 14 |
| 11 | 14 |
| 12 | 14 |
| 13 | 13 |
| 14 | 13 |
| 15 | 13 |
| 16 | 13 |
| 17 | 13 |
| 18 | 13 |
| 19 | 13 |
| 20 | 13 |
| 21 | 13 |
| 22 | 14 |
| 23 | 14 |
| 24 | 15 |
| 25 | 15 |
| 26 | 16 |
| 27 | 17 |
| 28 | 18 |
| 29 | 18 |
| 30 | 19 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 98% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 96 | 96 | 95 | 95 | 94 | 94 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 100 | 0 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 100 | 0 |
| 11 | 100 | 0 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 98 | 2 |
| 19 | 98 | 2 |
| 20 | 98 | 2 |
| 21 | 98 | 2 |
| 22 | 97 | 3 |
| 23 | 97 | 3 |
| 24 | 97 | 3 |
| 25 | 96 | 4 |
| 26 | 96 | 4 |
| 27 | 95 | 5 |
| 28 | 95 | 5 |
| 29 | 94 | 6 |
| 30 | 94 | 6 |
Wind in September
Winds average 9 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 8 km/h on the calmest days to 9 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | calm |
| 2 | 8 | calm |
| 3 | 8 | calm |
| 4 | 8 | calm |
| 5 | 8 | calm |
| 6 | 8 | calm |
| 7 | 8 | calm |
| 8 | 8 | calm |
| 9 | 8 | calm |
| 10 | 8 | calm |
| 11 | 9 | calm |
| 12 | 9 | calm |
| 13 | 9 | calm |
| 14 | 9 | calm |
| 15 | 9 | calm |
| 16 | 9 | calm |
| 17 | 9 | calm |
| 18 | 9 | calm |
| 19 | 9 | calm |
| 20 | 9 | calm |
| 21 | 9 | calm |
| 22 | 9 | calm |
| 23 | 9 | calm |
| 24 | 9 | calm |
| 25 | 9 | calm |
| 26 | 9 | calm |
| 27 | 9 | calm |
| 28 | 9 | calm |
| 29 | 9 | calm |
| 30 | 9 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 11 h 54 min at the start of September to 12 hours by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 6 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:38 AM to 6:25 AM, and sunset from 6:34 PM to 6:27 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:26 | 6:25 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 | 6:27 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11.9 | 6:38 | 6:34 |
| 2 | 11.9 | 6:38 | 6:34 |
| 3 | 11.9 | 6:37 | 6:34 |
| 4 | 11.9 | 6:37 | 6:34 |
| 5 | 11.9 | 6:37 | 6:33 |
| 6 | 12.0 | 6:36 | 6:33 |
| 7 | 12.0 | 6:36 | 6:33 |
| 8 | 12.0 | 6:35 | 6:33 |
| 9 | 12.0 | 6:35 | 6:32 |
| 10 | 12.0 | 6:34 | 6:32 |
| 11 | 12.0 | 6:34 | 6:32 |
| 12 | 12.0 | 6:33 | 6:31 |
| 13 | 12.0 | 6:33 | 6:31 |
| 14 | 12.0 | 6:32 | 6:31 |
| 15 | 12.0 | 6:32 | 6:31 |
| 16 | 12.0 | 6:31 | 6:30 |
| 17 | 12.0 | 6:31 | 6:30 |
| 18 | 12.0 | 6:31 | 6:30 |
| 19 | 12.0 | 6:30 | 6:30 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:30 | 6:29 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:29 | 6:29 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:29 | 6:29 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:28 | 6:28 |
| 24 | 12.0 | 6:28 | 6:28 |
| 25 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:28 |
| 26 | 12.0 | 6:27 | 6:28 |
| 27 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:27 |
| 28 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:27 |
| 29 | 12.0 | 6:26 | 6:27 |
| 30 | 12.0 | 6:25 | 6:27 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 6.41 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.88 kWh/m² to a high of 6.59 kWh/m² in February across the year — September's 6.41 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.9 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.6 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 2 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 3 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 4 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 5 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 6 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 7 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 8 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 9 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 10 | 6.2 | Intense |
| 11 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 12 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 13 | 6.3 | Intense |
| 14 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 15 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 16 | 6.4 | Intense |
| 17 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 18 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 19 | 6.5 | Intense |
| 20 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 21 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 22 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 23 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 24 | 6.6 | Intense |
| 25 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 26 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 27 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 28 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 29 | 6.7 | Intense |
| 30 | 6.6 | Intense |
Hazard calendar for Mto wa Mbu
None of Mto wa Mbu's seasonal hazards are active in September. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Mto wa Mbu's monsoon runs December–April, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit Mto wa Mbu?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is one of the better times to visit Mto wa Mbu for general sightseeing.
What to pack for Mto wa Mbu in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Mto wa Mbu sees daytime highs around 22°C and nights near 11°C. Pack sun protection. Worth having: light clothes. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in Mto wa Mbu in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 14 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Mto wa Mbu peaks around March 13 at about 16 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near June 18 at about 10 (extreme).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 15 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 15 | Extreme |
| Feb | 16 | Extreme |
| Mar | 16 | Extreme |
| Apr | 15 | Extreme |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 10 | Extreme |
| Jul | 11 | Extreme |
| Aug | 12 | Extreme |
| Sep | 14 | Extreme |
| Oct | 14 | Extreme |
| Nov | 14 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Where is Mto wa Mbu?
Mto wa Mbu sits at 3.4°S, 35.9°E, 985 m above sea level, in Tanzania. The nearest listed city is Kiratu, 20 km away.
Topography around Mto wa Mbu
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Mto wa Mbu.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Mto wa Mbu has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 419 m around an average of 1,070 m above sea level; within 16 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,164 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 3,023 m.
The land around Mto wa Mbu is covered by trees (50%) within 3 km, grassland (32%) within 16 km, and grassland (46%) and shrubs (26%) within 80 km.
Tanzania travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 3
- Reconsider Travel
- Power plugs
- Type D / G
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 29% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,319
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.9 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 31%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 3.7
- per 100k, 2020
- Road deaths
- 31.1
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Low
- EF EPI 479
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Mto wa Mbu (-3.35°, 35.85°, elevation 985 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).