Aspen weather in July
In July, Aspen sees average daytime highs of 68°F and overnight lows near 40°F, with 2.3 in of precipitation across 11.7 wet days and about 14.5 hours of daylight. It is the 1st-warmest and 6th-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 68°F through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 30% of the time in July, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 14 h 42 min at the start of July to 14 h 06 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, July is Aspen's 5th-clearest and 9th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Aspen's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 68°
- 1st warmest
- Overnight low
- 40°
- 12th coldest
- Precipitation
- 2.3 in
- 11.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 14 h 30 min
- 4:58 AM – 7:28 PM
- Cloud cover
- 53%
- 5th clearest
- Wind
- 4 mph
- 9th windiest
- Solar energy
- 7.45 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.2
- out of 10
Aspen is city in and county seat of Pitkin County, Colorado, United States.
- Density
- 685/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1879
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in July
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 68°F through the month.
A typical July day in Aspen reaches about 68°F in the afternoon and slips back to 40°F overnight — a 28°F spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 62°F and 73°F. Set against its neighbours, July runs about 8°F warmer than June and about 2°F warmer than August.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°F) | 66 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 67 | 67 |
| Avg low (°F) | 37 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 |
| Avg high (°F) | Avg low (°F) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 66 | 37 |
| 2 | 67 | 38 |
| 3 | 67 | 38 |
| 4 | 67 | 38 |
| 5 | 67 | 38 |
| 6 | 67 | 39 |
| 7 | 68 | 39 |
| 8 | 68 | 39 |
| 9 | 68 | 39 |
| 10 | 68 | 40 |
| 11 | 68 | 40 |
| 12 | 68 | 40 |
| 13 | 68 | 40 |
| 14 | 68 | 40 |
| 15 | 68 | 41 |
| 16 | 68 | 41 |
| 17 | 68 | 41 |
| 18 | 68 | 41 |
| 19 | 68 | 41 |
| 20 | 68 | 41 |
| 21 | 68 | 41 |
| 22 | 68 | 41 |
| 23 | 68 | 41 |
| 24 | 68 | 41 |
| 25 | 68 | 41 |
| 26 | 68 | 41 |
| 27 | 68 | 41 |
| 28 | 68 | 41 |
| 29 | 67 | 41 |
| 30 | 67 | 41 |
| 31 | 67 | 41 |
How July really feels in Aspen
Once humidity and wind are folded in, July averages 0 days that feel above 90°F and 0 that feel at or below 32°F — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
July sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Aspen weather by month
How July compares with the rest of the year at a glance. July is the 1st-warmest and 6th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°F) | Rainfall (inches) | Wet days | Snow days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 24° / 6° | 2.3 | 11.3 | 13 | 9.6 | 0.0 |
| Feb | 27° / 8° | 2.4 | 13.1 | 14 | 10.5 | 0.0 |
| Mar | 34° / 14° | 2.5 | 12.5 | 13 | 11.7 | 0.0 |
| Apr | 39° / 19° | 3.3 | 13.9 | 13.7 | 13 | 0.0 |
| May | 48° / 26° | 2.2 | 11.4 | 7.3 | 14.1 | 1.7 |
| Jun | 60° / 32° | 1.2 | 7.1 | 1.2 | 14.7 | 5.4 |
| Jul | 68° / 40° | 2.3 | 11.7 | 0.1 | 14.5 | 6.2 |
| Aug | 66° / 40° | 2.6 | 13.9 | 0.1 | 13.5 | 5.7 |
| Sep | 58° / 33° | 2.1 | 10.4 | 2.1 | 12.3 | 4.5 |
| Oct | 45° / 21° | 2.1 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 11 | 1.2 |
| Nov | 33° / 8° | 2.1 | 9.3 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 0.0 |
| Dec | 24° / 3° | 2.2 | 10.7 | 12.3 | 9.3 | 0.0 |
Cloud cover in July
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 30% of the time in July.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 29% of July, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 40%. Skies tend to cloud over as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 71 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 66 | 65 | 64 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 56 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 |
| Cloudier (%) | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 43 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 71 | 29 |
| 2 | 70 | 30 |
| 3 | 69 | 31 |
| 4 | 68 | 32 |
| 5 | 67 | 33 |
| 6 | 66 | 34 |
| 7 | 65 | 35 |
| 8 | 64 | 36 |
| 9 | 63 | 37 |
| 10 | 62 | 38 |
| 11 | 62 | 38 |
| 12 | 61 | 39 |
| 13 | 60 | 40 |
| 14 | 60 | 40 |
| 15 | 59 | 41 |
| 16 | 59 | 41 |
| 17 | 59 | 41 |
| 18 | 57 | 43 |
| 19 | 57 | 43 |
| 20 | 57 | 43 |
| 21 | 56 | 44 |
| 22 | 55 | 45 |
| 23 | 55 | 45 |
| 24 | 54 | 46 |
| 25 | 54 | 46 |
| 26 | 53 | 47 |
| 27 | 53 | 47 |
| 28 | 53 | 47 |
| 29 | 52 | 48 |
| 30 | 52 | 48 |
| 31 | 52 | 48 |
Chance of precipitation in July
Aspen gets around 2.3 in of rain and snow over 11.7 wet days in July. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable precipitation averages around 38% and peaks near 47% on the wettest days, and about 0 day brings snow. The odds climb toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 47 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 27 |
| 2 | 28 |
| 3 | 29 |
| 4 | 30 |
| 5 | 31 |
| 6 | 32 |
| 7 | 33 |
| 8 | 34 |
| 9 | 35 |
| 10 | 35 |
| 11 | 36 |
| 12 | 36 |
| 13 | 37 |
| 14 | 37 |
| 15 | 38 |
| 16 | 38 |
| 17 | 39 |
| 18 | 39 |
| 19 | 40 |
| 20 | 40 |
| 21 | 41 |
| 22 | 41 |
| 23 | 42 |
| 24 | 42 |
| 25 | 43 |
| 26 | 44 |
| 27 | 44 |
| 28 | 45 |
| 29 | 46 |
| 30 | 46 |
| 31 | 47 |
Humidity in July
Most of July feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, July lands in the dry band about 100% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Dry (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 |
| 4 | 100 |
| 5 | 100 |
| 6 | 100 |
| 7 | 100 |
| 8 | 100 |
| 9 | 100 |
| 10 | 100 |
| 11 | 100 |
| 12 | 100 |
| 13 | 100 |
| 14 | 100 |
| 15 | 100 |
| 16 | 100 |
| 17 | 100 |
| 18 | 100 |
| 19 | 100 |
| 20 | 100 |
| 21 | 100 |
| 22 | 100 |
| 23 | 100 |
| 24 | 100 |
| 25 | 100 |
| 26 | 100 |
| 27 | 100 |
| 28 | 100 |
| 29 | 100 |
| 30 | 100 |
| 31 | 100 |
Wind in July
Winds average 4 mph in July.
Across July, daily wind ranges from about 4 mph on the calmest days to 5 mph at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (mph) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (mph) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
| 29 | 4 | calm |
| 30 | 4 | calm |
| 31 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in July
Daylight runs from about 14 h 42 min at the start of July to 14 h 06 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 36 minutes over July. Sunrise moves from 4:49 AM to 5:10 AM, and sunset from 7:32 PM to 7:17 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.7 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.5 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 14.1 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 4:49 | 4:49 | 4:50 | 4:50 | 4:51 | 4:51 | 4:52 | 4:52 | 4:53 | 4:54 | 4:54 | 4:55 | 4:56 | 4:56 | 4:57 | 4:58 | 4:59 | 4:59 | 5:00 | 5:01 | 5:02 | 5:02 | 5:03 | 5:04 | 5:05 | 5:06 | 5:07 | 5:07 | 5:08 | 5:09 | 5:10 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:32 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:31 | 7:30 | 7:30 | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:29 | 7:28 | 7:27 | 7:27 | 7:26 | 7:26 | 7:25 | 7:24 | 7:24 | 7:23 | 7:22 | 7:21 | 7:20 | 7:19 | 7:19 | 7:18 | 7:17 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14.7 | 4:49 | 7:32 |
| 2 | 14.7 | 4:49 | 7:32 |
| 3 | 14.7 | 4:50 | 7:32 |
| 4 | 14.7 | 4:50 | 7:32 |
| 5 | 14.7 | 4:51 | 7:32 |
| 6 | 14.7 | 4:51 | 7:32 |
| 7 | 14.7 | 4:52 | 7:31 |
| 8 | 14.6 | 4:52 | 7:31 |
| 9 | 14.6 | 4:53 | 7:31 |
| 10 | 14.6 | 4:54 | 7:31 |
| 11 | 14.6 | 4:54 | 7:30 |
| 12 | 14.6 | 4:55 | 7:30 |
| 13 | 14.6 | 4:56 | 7:29 |
| 14 | 14.5 | 4:56 | 7:29 |
| 15 | 14.5 | 4:57 | 7:29 |
| 16 | 14.5 | 4:58 | 7:28 |
| 17 | 14.5 | 4:59 | 7:27 |
| 18 | 14.5 | 4:59 | 7:27 |
| 19 | 14.4 | 5:00 | 7:26 |
| 20 | 14.4 | 5:01 | 7:26 |
| 21 | 14.4 | 5:02 | 7:25 |
| 22 | 14.4 | 5:02 | 7:24 |
| 23 | 14.3 | 5:03 | 7:24 |
| 24 | 14.3 | 5:04 | 7:23 |
| 25 | 14.3 | 5:05 | 7:22 |
| 26 | 14.3 | 5:06 | 7:21 |
| 27 | 14.2 | 5:07 | 7:20 |
| 28 | 14.2 | 5:07 | 7:19 |
| 29 | 14.2 | 5:08 | 7:19 |
| 30 | 14.1 | 5:09 | 7:18 |
| 31 | 14.1 | 5:10 | 7:17 |
Solar energy in July
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in July, about 7.45 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 2.54 kWh/m² to a high of 8.29 kWh/m² in June across the year — July's 7.45 kWh/m² sits near the top of that range.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 8.0 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense | Intense |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8.0 | Intense |
| 2 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 3 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 4 | 7.9 | Intense |
| 5 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 6 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 7 | 7.8 | Intense |
| 8 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 9 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 10 | 7.7 | Intense |
| 11 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 12 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 13 | 7.6 | Intense |
| 14 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 15 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 16 | 7.5 | Intense |
| 17 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 18 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 19 | 7.4 | Intense |
| 20 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 21 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 22 | 7.3 | Intense |
| 23 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 24 | 7.2 | Intense |
| 25 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 26 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 27 | 7.1 | Intense |
| 28 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 29 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 30 | 7.0 | Intense |
| 31 | 7.0 | Intense |
Is July a good time to visit Aspen?
Our two travel scores rate July for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
July is a reasonable time to visit Aspen for sightseeing.
What to pack for Aspen in July
From July's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In July, Aspen sees daytime highs around 68°F and nights near 40°F. Pack sun protection. Worth having: a warm layer and rain gear. About 12 days see rain.
UV index in Aspen in July
Clear-sky midday UV in July peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Aspen peaks around June 22 at about 12 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near January 10 at about 3 (moderate).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — in 10 months of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 3 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | High | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 3 | Moderate |
| Feb | 4 | Moderate |
| Mar | 7 | High |
| Apr | 7 | Very high |
| May | 10 | Very high |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 12 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 8 | Very high |
| Oct | 6 | High |
| Nov | 4 | Moderate |
| Dec | 3 | Moderate |
Where is Aspen?
Aspen sits at 39.2°N, 106.8°W, 0 ft above sea level, in United States. The nearest listed city is Montrose, 75 mi away.
Topography around Aspen
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 2, 10 and 50 miles of Aspen.
Within 2 miles, the terrain around Aspen has large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,887 ft around an average of 8,688 ft above sea level; within 10 miles, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 6,417 ft; within 50 miles, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 8,927 ft.
The land around Aspen is covered by trees (77%) within 2 miles, trees (74%) within 10 miles, and trees (64%) and grassland (24%) within 50 miles.
United States travel facts
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 100% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $90,027
- 2025
- Happiness
- 6.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 98%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 5.8
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.7
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- High
- World Bank
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Aspen (39.1911°, -106.8175°, elevation 0 ft), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).