Bukama weather in February
In February, Bukama sees average daytime highs of 29°C and overnight lows near 21°C, with 193 mm of rain across 20.4 wet days and about 12.3 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February, and the air most often feels muggy.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Bukama's 10th-clearest and 10th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Bukama's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 29°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 21°
- 7th coldest
- Rainfall
- 193 mm
- 20.4 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 18 min
- 6:22 AM – 6:40 PM
- Cloud cover
- 86%
- 10th clearest
- Wind
- 4 km/h
- 10th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.32 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 3.7
- out of 10
Bukama is place in Haut-Lomami, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 29°C through the month.
A typical February day in Bukama reaches about 29°C in the afternoon and slips back to 21°C overnight — a 8°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 26°C and 31°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs on par with January and on par with March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 | 29 |
| Avg low (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 28 | 21 |
| 2 | 28 | 21 |
| 3 | 28 | 21 |
| 4 | 29 | 21 |
| 5 | 29 | 21 |
| 6 | 29 | 21 |
| 7 | 29 | 21 |
| 8 | 29 | 21 |
| 9 | 29 | 21 |
| 10 | 29 | 21 |
| 11 | 29 | 21 |
| 12 | 29 | 21 |
| 13 | 29 | 21 |
| 14 | 29 | 21 |
| 15 | 29 | 21 |
| 16 | 29 | 21 |
| 17 | 29 | 21 |
| 18 | 29 | 21 |
| 19 | 29 | 21 |
| 20 | 29 | 21 |
| 21 | 29 | 21 |
| 22 | 29 | 21 |
| 23 | 29 | 21 |
| 24 | 29 | 21 |
| 25 | 29 | 21 |
| 26 | 29 | 21 |
| 27 | 29 | 21 |
| 28 | 29 | 21 |
How February really feels in Bukama
Once humidity and wind are folded in, February averages 0 days that feel above 32°C and 0 that feel at or below 0°C — the comfort signal a plain temperature reading hides.
February sits comfortably in between — no days that feel dangerously hot or drop to a hard freeze once humidity and wind are folded in.
Bukama weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 3rd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 28° / 21° | 267 | 26 | 12.5 | 3.6 |
| Feb | 29° / 21° | 193 | 20.4 | 12.3 | 3.7 |
| Mar | 29° / 21° | 157 | 20.4 | 12.1 | 3.9 |
| Apr | 30° / 21° | 60 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 4.6 |
| May | 33° / 21° | 5 | 1.2 | 11.6 | 4.6 |
| Jun | 33° / 20° | 0 | 0.1 | 11.5 | 5.0 |
| Jul | 33° / 20° | 0 | 0 | 11.5 | 5.0 |
| Aug | 34° / 21° | 1 | 0.3 | 11.7 | 4.0 |
| Sep | 34° / 22° | 11 | 3.2 | 11.9 | 3.3 |
| Oct | 32° / 22° | 76 | 15.2 | 12.2 | 3.3 |
| Nov | 30° / 21° | 156 | 22.6 | 12.4 | 3.4 |
| Dec | 28° / 21° | 229 | 25.1 | 12.5 | 3.5 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 2% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 7% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 91%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Cloudier (%) | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 93 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6 | 94 |
| 2 | 6 | 94 |
| 3 | 6 | 94 |
| 4 | 6 | 94 |
| 5 | 6 | 94 |
| 6 | 6 | 94 |
| 7 | 6 | 94 |
| 8 | 6 | 94 |
| 9 | 6 | 94 |
| 10 | 7 | 93 |
| 11 | 9 | 91 |
| 12 | 9 | 91 |
| 13 | 9 | 91 |
| 14 | 9 | 91 |
| 15 | 9 | 91 |
| 16 | 9 | 91 |
| 17 | 9 | 91 |
| 18 | 10 | 90 |
| 19 | 10 | 90 |
| 20 | 10 | 90 |
| 21 | 11 | 89 |
| 22 | 11 | 89 |
| 23 | 11 | 89 |
| 24 | 11 | 89 |
| 25 | 12 | 88 |
| 26 | 12 | 88 |
| 27 | 12 | 88 |
| 28 | 12 | 88 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Bukama gets around 193 mm of rain over 20.4 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 73% and peaks near 78% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 78 | 77 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 75 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 72 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 | 71 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 78 |
| 2 | 77 |
| 3 | 77 |
| 4 | 76 |
| 5 | 76 |
| 6 | 75 |
| 7 | 75 |
| 8 | 74 |
| 9 | 74 |
| 10 | 74 |
| 11 | 73 |
| 12 | 73 |
| 13 | 73 |
| 14 | 73 |
| 15 | 73 |
| 16 | 73 |
| 17 | 73 |
| 18 | 73 |
| 19 | 73 |
| 20 | 72 |
| 21 | 72 |
| 22 | 72 |
| 23 | 71 |
| 24 | 71 |
| 25 | 71 |
| 26 | 71 |
| 27 | 71 |
| 28 | 71 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels muggy — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the muggy band about 62% of days. Sticky, muggy-or-worse air turns up on roughly 100% of them.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muggy (%) | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 64 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 65 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 59 | 58 | 58 | 57 | 57 |
| Oppressive (%) | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 37 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 40 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 |
| Muggy (%) | Oppressive (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 63 | 37 |
| 2 | 63 | 37 |
| 3 | 63 | 37 |
| 4 | 63 | 37 |
| 5 | 63 | 37 |
| 6 | 64 | 36 |
| 7 | 64 | 36 |
| 8 | 65 | 35 |
| 9 | 65 | 35 |
| 10 | 65 | 35 |
| 11 | 65 | 35 |
| 12 | 65 | 35 |
| 13 | 65 | 35 |
| 14 | 64 | 36 |
| 15 | 63 | 37 |
| 16 | 63 | 37 |
| 17 | 62 | 38 |
| 18 | 62 | 38 |
| 19 | 61 | 39 |
| 20 | 61 | 39 |
| 21 | 61 | 39 |
| 22 | 60 | 40 |
| 23 | 60 | 40 |
| 24 | 59 | 41 |
| 25 | 58 | 42 |
| 26 | 58 | 42 |
| 27 | 57 | 43 |
| 28 | 57 | 43 |
Wind in February
Winds average 4 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 4 km/h on the calmest days to 4 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4 | calm |
| 2 | 4 | calm |
| 3 | 4 | calm |
| 4 | 4 | calm |
| 5 | 4 | calm |
| 6 | 4 | calm |
| 7 | 4 | calm |
| 8 | 4 | calm |
| 9 | 4 | calm |
| 10 | 4 | calm |
| 11 | 4 | calm |
| 12 | 4 | calm |
| 13 | 4 | calm |
| 14 | 4 | calm |
| 15 | 4 | calm |
| 16 | 4 | calm |
| 17 | 4 | calm |
| 18 | 4 | calm |
| 19 | 4 | calm |
| 20 | 4 | calm |
| 21 | 4 | calm |
| 22 | 4 | calm |
| 23 | 4 | calm |
| 24 | 4 | calm |
| 25 | 4 | calm |
| 26 | 4 | calm |
| 27 | 4 | calm |
| 28 | 4 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 12 h 24 min at the start of February to 12 h 12 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 12 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:18 AM to 6:24 AM, and sunset from 6:42 PM to 6:36 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:18 | 6:18 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:19 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:20 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:21 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:22 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:23 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 | 6:24 |
| Sunset (PM) | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.4 | 6:18 | 6:42 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 6:18 | 6:42 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 6:19 | 6:42 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 6:19 | 6:42 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 6:19 | 6:42 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 6:20 | 6:42 |
| 7 | 12.4 | 6:20 | 6:42 |
| 8 | 12.4 | 6:20 | 6:42 |
| 9 | 12.3 | 6:21 | 6:41 |
| 10 | 12.3 | 6:21 | 6:41 |
| 11 | 12.3 | 6:21 | 6:41 |
| 12 | 12.3 | 6:21 | 6:41 |
| 13 | 12.3 | 6:22 | 6:41 |
| 14 | 12.3 | 6:22 | 6:40 |
| 15 | 12.3 | 6:22 | 6:40 |
| 16 | 12.3 | 6:22 | 6:40 |
| 17 | 12.3 | 6:23 | 6:40 |
| 18 | 12.3 | 6:23 | 6:39 |
| 19 | 12.3 | 6:23 | 6:39 |
| 20 | 12.3 | 6:23 | 6:39 |
| 21 | 12.3 | 6:23 | 6:39 |
| 22 | 12.2 | 6:23 | 6:38 |
| 23 | 12.2 | 6:23 | 6:38 |
| 24 | 12.2 | 6:24 | 6:38 |
| 25 | 12.2 | 6:24 | 6:37 |
| 26 | 12.2 | 6:24 | 6:37 |
| 27 | 12.2 | 6:24 | 6:36 |
| 28 | 12.2 | 6:24 | 6:36 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.32 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 5.04 kWh/m² to a high of 6.31 kWh/m² in September across the year — February's 5.32 kWh/m² sits near the bottom.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.4 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Bukama
In February, Bukama sits inside its monsoon season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Bukama's monsoon runs November–March, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Bukama?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is a weaker month for outdoor sightseeing in Bukama.
What to pack for Bukama in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Bukama sees daytime highs around 29°C and nights near 21°C. Pack light clothes and rain gear. Worth having: sun protection. About 20 days see rain.
UV index in Bukama in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 15 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Bukama peaks around March 11 at about 15 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near August 14 at about 8 (very high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 13 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 13 |
| Level | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 13 | Extreme |
| Feb | 15 | Extreme |
| Mar | 15 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 10 | Very high |
| Jun | 9 | Very high |
| Jul | 9 | Very high |
| Aug | 7 | Very high |
| Sep | 10 | Very high |
| Oct | 13 | Extreme |
| Nov | 12 | Extreme |
| Dec | 13 | Extreme |
Air quality in Bukama in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Bukama is worst in August — around 144 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 15.3× the cleanest month (April, 9 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 14 | 14 | 10 | 9 | 27 | 64 | 102 | 144 | 90 | 29 | 15 | 11 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Moderate | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Moderate | Moderate | Good |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 14 | Moderate |
| Feb | 14 | Moderate |
| Mar | 10 | Good |
| Apr | 9 | Good |
| May | 27 | Moderate |
| Jun | 64 | Unhealthy |
| Jul | 102 | Unhealthy |
| Aug | 144 | Unhealthy |
| Sep | 90 | Unhealthy |
| Oct | 29 | Moderate |
| Nov | 15 | Moderate |
| Dec | 11 | Good |
Where is Bukama?
Bukama sits at 9.2°S, 25.9°E, 578 m above sea level, in Democratic Republic of the Congo. The nearest listed city is Kamina, 108 km away.
Topography around Bukama
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Bukama.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Bukama has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 68 m around an average of 592 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 273 m; within 80 km, large variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,115 m.
The land around Bukama is covered by grassland (43%) and shrubs (24%) within 3 km, grassland (35%), trees (32%) and shrubs (23%) within 16 km, and trees (61%) and grassland (21%) within 80 km.
Democratic Republic of the Congo travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type C / E
- 220 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 42% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $807
- 2025
- Happiness
- 3.8 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 12%
- of population, 2024
- Road deaths
- 34.9
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Low
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 400
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Bukama (-9.2044°, 25.8547°, elevation 578 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).