Río Grande weather in September
In September, Río Grande sees average daytime highs of 25°C and overnight lows near 15°C, with 86 mm of rain across 11.8 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 1st-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of September to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Río Grande's 12th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Río Grande's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 25°
- 7th warmest
- Overnight low
- 15°
- 8th coldest
- Rainfall
- 86 mm
- 11.8 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:42 AM – 6:51 PM
- Cloud cover
- 58%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 10 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.76 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.6
- out of 10
Río Grande is Mexican town in the state of Zacatecas.
- Founded
- 1562
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 25°C through the month.
A typical September day in Río Grande reaches about 25°C in the afternoon and slips back to 15°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 22°C and 28°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 2°C cooler than August and on par with October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26 | 15 |
| 2 | 26 | 15 |
| 3 | 26 | 15 |
| 4 | 25 | 15 |
| 5 | 25 | 15 |
| 6 | 25 | 15 |
| 7 | 25 | 15 |
| 8 | 25 | 15 |
| 9 | 25 | 15 |
| 10 | 25 | 15 |
| 11 | 25 | 15 |
| 12 | 25 | 15 |
| 13 | 25 | 15 |
| 14 | 25 | 15 |
| 15 | 25 | 15 |
| 16 | 25 | 15 |
| 17 | 25 | 15 |
| 18 | 25 | 14 |
| 19 | 25 | 14 |
| 20 | 25 | 14 |
| 21 | 25 | 14 |
| 22 | 25 | 14 |
| 23 | 25 | 14 |
| 24 | 25 | 14 |
| 25 | 25 | 14 |
| 26 | 25 | 14 |
| 27 | 25 | 14 |
| 28 | 25 | 14 |
| 29 | 25 | 14 |
| 30 | 25 | 13 |
Río Grande weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 7th-warmest and 1st-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 20° / 5° | 13 | 2.4 | 10.7 | 7.8 |
| Feb | 23° / 7° | 11 | 1.6 | 11.2 | 8.5 |
| Mar | 25° / 9° | 8 | 1.4 | 11.8 | 8.5 |
| Apr | 28° / 12° | 7 | 1.6 | 12.5 | 7.4 |
| May | 30° / 15° | 15 | 3.2 | 13.1 | 6.2 |
| Jun | 29° / 16° | 56 | 8.5 | 13.4 | 6.0 |
| Jul | 27° / 16° | 78 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 6.4 |
| Aug | 27° / 16° | 70 | 10.9 | 12.8 | 6.5 |
| Sep | 25° / 15° | 86 | 11.8 | 12.1 | 6.6 |
| Oct | 25° / 12° | 28 | 4.8 | 11.4 | 8.1 |
| Nov | 23° / 8° | 11 | 2.2 | 10.8 | 8.5 |
| Dec | 21° / 6° | 8 | 1.8 | 10.6 | 8.0 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 32% of the time in September, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 22% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 46%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 52 | 52 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 56 | 58 | 59 | 61 | 61 | 62 | 64 |
| Cloudier (%) | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 42 | 41 | 39 | 39 | 38 | 36 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 52 | 48 |
| 2 | 52 | 48 |
| 3 | 52 | 48 |
| 4 | 52 | 48 |
| 5 | 52 | 48 |
| 6 | 51 | 49 |
| 7 | 51 | 49 |
| 8 | 51 | 49 |
| 9 | 51 | 49 |
| 10 | 52 | 48 |
| 11 | 52 | 48 |
| 12 | 52 | 48 |
| 13 | 52 | 48 |
| 14 | 52 | 48 |
| 15 | 52 | 48 |
| 16 | 52 | 48 |
| 17 | 53 | 47 |
| 18 | 52 | 48 |
| 19 | 52 | 48 |
| 20 | 52 | 48 |
| 21 | 54 | 46 |
| 22 | 55 | 45 |
| 23 | 55 | 45 |
| 24 | 56 | 44 |
| 25 | 58 | 42 |
| 26 | 59 | 41 |
| 27 | 61 | 39 |
| 28 | 61 | 39 |
| 29 | 62 | 38 |
| 30 | 64 | 36 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Río Grande gets around 86 mm of rain over 11.8 wet days in September, the wettest month. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 38% and peaks near 46% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 45 |
| 2 | 45 |
| 3 | 46 |
| 4 | 46 |
| 5 | 46 |
| 6 | 46 |
| 7 | 46 |
| 8 | 46 |
| 9 | 45 |
| 10 | 45 |
| 11 | 44 |
| 12 | 43 |
| 13 | 42 |
| 14 | 41 |
| 15 | 40 |
| 16 | 39 |
| 17 | 38 |
| 18 | 37 |
| 19 | 36 |
| 20 | 35 |
| 21 | 34 |
| 22 | 33 |
| 23 | 32 |
| 24 | 30 |
| 25 | 29 |
| 26 | 28 |
| 27 | 27 |
| 28 | 26 |
| 29 | 25 |
| 30 | 24 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 53% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 50 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 52 | 52 | 53 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 57 | 58 | 61 | 63 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 72 |
| Comfortable (%) | 47 | 48 | 48 | 49 | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 48 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 41 | 40 | 38 | 36 | 34 | 32 | 30 | 28 |
| Humid (%) | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | Humid (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 50 | 47 | 4 |
| 2 | 49 | 48 | 4 |
| 3 | 48 | 48 | 3 |
| 4 | 48 | 49 | 3 |
| 5 | 47 | 49 | 3 |
| 6 | 47 | 50 | 3 |
| 7 | 47 | 50 | 3 |
| 8 | 47 | 50 | 3 |
| 9 | 47 | 50 | 3 |
| 10 | 47 | 50 | 3 |
| 11 | 48 | 49 | 3 |
| 12 | 48 | 49 | 3 |
| 13 | 49 | 48 | 3 |
| 14 | 49 | 48 | 3 |
| 15 | 50 | 47 | 3 |
| 16 | 50 | 47 | 3 |
| 17 | 52 | 46 | 2 |
| 18 | 52 | 46 | 2 |
| 19 | 53 | 45 | 2 |
| 20 | 53 | 45 | 2 |
| 21 | 54 | 44 | 2 |
| 22 | 55 | 43 | 2 |
| 23 | 57 | 41 | 2 |
| 24 | 58 | 40 | 2 |
| 25 | 61 | 38 | 1 |
| 26 | 63 | 36 | 1 |
| 27 | 65 | 34 | 1 |
| 28 | 67 | 32 | 1 |
| 29 | 69 | 30 | 1 |
| 30 | 72 | 28 | 0 |
Wind in September
Winds average 10 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 10 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 10 | calm |
| 6 | 10 | calm |
| 7 | 10 | calm |
| 8 | 10 | calm |
| 9 | 10 | calm |
| 10 | 10 | calm |
| 11 | 10 | calm |
| 12 | 10 | calm |
| 13 | 10 | calm |
| 14 | 10 | calm |
| 15 | 10 | calm |
| 16 | 10 | calm |
| 17 | 10 | calm |
| 18 | 10 | calm |
| 19 | 10 | calm |
| 20 | 10 | calm |
| 21 | 10 | calm |
| 22 | 10 | calm |
| 23 | 10 | calm |
| 24 | 10 | calm |
| 25 | 10 | calm |
| 26 | 10 | calm |
| 27 | 10 | calm |
| 28 | 10 | calm |
| 29 | 10 | calm |
| 30 | 10 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of September to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 42 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:37 AM to 6:47 AM, and sunset from 7:06 PM to 6:36 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.5 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:46 | 6:46 | 6:47 | 6:47 | 6:47 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:06 | 7:05 | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:49 | 6:48 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.5 | 6:37 | 7:06 |
| 2 | 12.5 | 6:38 | 7:05 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 6:38 | 7:04 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 6:38 | 7:03 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 6:39 | 7:02 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 6:39 | 7:01 |
| 7 | 12.3 | 6:39 | 7:00 |
| 8 | 12.3 | 6:40 | 6:59 |
| 9 | 12.3 | 6:40 | 6:58 |
| 10 | 12.3 | 6:40 | 6:57 |
| 11 | 12.3 | 6:41 | 6:56 |
| 12 | 12.2 | 6:41 | 6:55 |
| 13 | 12.2 | 6:41 | 6:54 |
| 14 | 12.2 | 6:42 | 6:53 |
| 15 | 12.2 | 6:42 | 6:52 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:42 | 6:51 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:43 | 6:49 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:43 | 6:48 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:43 | 6:47 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:44 | 6:46 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:44 | 6:45 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:44 | 6:44 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:45 | 6:43 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 6:45 | 6:42 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 6:45 | 6:41 |
| 26 | 11.9 | 6:46 | 6:40 |
| 27 | 11.9 | 6:46 | 6:39 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:47 | 6:38 |
| 29 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:37 |
| 30 | 11.8 | 6:47 | 6:36 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5.76 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.54 kWh/m² to a high of 7.81 kWh/m² in May across the year — September's 5.76 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 |
| Level | Intense | Intense | Intense | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.1 | Intense |
| 2 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 3 | 6.0 | Intense |
| 4 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 5 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.7 | Bright |
Is September a good time to visit Río Grande?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Río Grande for sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Río Grande in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Río Grande sees daytime highs around 25°C and nights near 15°C. Worth packing: light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. About 12 days see rain.
UV index in Río Grande in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 12 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Río Grande peaks around May 21 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 6 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 7 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 7 | 6 |
| Level | High | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7 | High |
| Feb | 10 | Very high |
| Mar | 11 | Extreme |
| Apr | 13 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 13 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 10 | Very high |
| Nov | 7 | Very high |
| Dec | 6 | High |
Where is Río Grande?
Río Grande sits at 23.8°N, 103.0°W, 1,859 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Juan Aldama, 63 km away.
Topography around Río Grande
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Río Grande.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Río Grande has only modest variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 96 m around an average of 1,878 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 396 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,533 m.
The land around Río Grande is covered by shrubs (40%), artificial surfaces (30%) and cropland (20%) within 3 km, shrubs (77%) within 16 km, and shrubs (64%) and cropland (30%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Río Grande (23.8273°, -103.0341°, elevation 1,859 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).