Zacatecas weather in September
In September, Zacatecas sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 13°C, with 107 mm of rain across 12.6 wet days and about 12.1 hours of daylight. It is the 7th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month of the year here.
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 26% of the time in September, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 12 h 30 min at the start of September to 11 h 48 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, September is Zacatecas's 12th-clearest and 11th-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Zacatecas's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 7th warmest
- Overnight low
- 13°
- 8th coldest
- Rainfall
- 107 mm
- 12.6 wet days
- Daylight
- 12 h 06 min
- 6:41 AM – 6:49 PM
- Cloud cover
- 62%
- 12th clearest
- Wind
- 11 km/h
- 11th windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.65 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 6.4
- out of 10
Zacatecas is city in Zacatecas Municipality, Zacatecas State, Mexico.
- Density
- 362/km²
- people per km²
- Founded
- 1548
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in September
Day-to-day highs hold fairly steady near 23°C through the month.
A typical September day in Zacatecas reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 13°C overnight — a 11°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 21°C and 26°C. Set against its neighbours, September runs about 1°C cooler than August and on par with October.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| Avg low (°C) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 24 | 13 |
| 2 | 24 | 13 |
| 3 | 24 | 13 |
| 4 | 24 | 13 |
| 5 | 24 | 13 |
| 6 | 23 | 13 |
| 7 | 23 | 13 |
| 8 | 23 | 13 |
| 9 | 23 | 13 |
| 10 | 23 | 13 |
| 11 | 23 | 13 |
| 12 | 23 | 13 |
| 13 | 23 | 13 |
| 14 | 23 | 13 |
| 15 | 23 | 13 |
| 16 | 23 | 13 |
| 17 | 23 | 13 |
| 18 | 23 | 13 |
| 19 | 23 | 13 |
| 20 | 23 | 13 |
| 21 | 23 | 12 |
| 22 | 23 | 12 |
| 23 | 23 | 12 |
| 24 | 23 | 12 |
| 25 | 23 | 12 |
| 26 | 23 | 12 |
| 27 | 23 | 12 |
| 28 | 23 | 12 |
| 29 | 23 | 12 |
| 30 | 23 | 12 |
Zacatecas weather by month
How September compares with the rest of the year at a glance. September is the 7th-warmest and 2nd-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 19° / 5° | 16 | 2.6 | 10.8 | 7.5 |
| Feb | 21° / 7° | 13 | 1.9 | 11.2 | 8.1 |
| Mar | 24° / 8° | 8 | 1.9 | 11.8 | 8.6 |
| Apr | 26° / 11° | 10 | 2.7 | 12.5 | 8.0 |
| May | 28° / 13° | 31 | 5.7 | 13.1 | 7.3 |
| Jun | 27° / 14° | 90 | 10.7 | 13.4 | 6.6 |
| Jul | 25° / 13° | 124 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 6.6 |
| Aug | 25° / 13° | 99 | 11.5 | 12.8 | 6.7 |
| Sep | 23° / 13° | 107 | 12.6 | 12.1 | 6.4 |
| Oct | 23° / 10° | 37 | 5.9 | 11.5 | 7.7 |
| Nov | 21° / 8° | 15 | 2.5 | 10.9 | 8.1 |
| Dec | 20° / 6° | 8 | 1.6 | 10.6 | 7.7 |
Cloud cover in September
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 26% of the time in September, the cloudiest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 21% of September, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 52%. Skies tend to open up as the month goes on.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | 51 | 52 | 54 | 55 | 55 |
| Cloudier (%) | 53 | 53 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 55 | 54 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 50 | 49 | 49 | 48 | 46 | 45 | 45 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 47 | 53 |
| 2 | 47 | 53 |
| 3 | 46 | 54 |
| 4 | 46 | 54 |
| 5 | 45 | 55 |
| 6 | 45 | 55 |
| 7 | 45 | 55 |
| 8 | 45 | 55 |
| 9 | 45 | 55 |
| 10 | 45 | 55 |
| 11 | 45 | 55 |
| 12 | 46 | 54 |
| 13 | 46 | 54 |
| 14 | 45 | 55 |
| 15 | 46 | 54 |
| 16 | 47 | 53 |
| 17 | 47 | 53 |
| 18 | 47 | 53 |
| 19 | 47 | 53 |
| 20 | 47 | 53 |
| 21 | 47 | 53 |
| 22 | 48 | 52 |
| 23 | 49 | 51 |
| 24 | 50 | 50 |
| 25 | 51 | 49 |
| 26 | 51 | 49 |
| 27 | 52 | 48 |
| 28 | 54 | 46 |
| 29 | 55 | 45 |
| 30 | 55 | 45 |
Chance of precipitation in September
Zacatecas gets around 107 mm of rain over 12.6 wet days in September. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 41% and peaks near 47% on the wettest days. The odds ease toward the end of the month.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 46 | 46 | 45 | 45 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 47 |
| 2 | 47 |
| 3 | 47 |
| 4 | 47 |
| 5 | 47 |
| 6 | 47 |
| 7 | 47 |
| 8 | 47 |
| 9 | 46 |
| 10 | 46 |
| 11 | 45 |
| 12 | 45 |
| 13 | 44 |
| 14 | 44 |
| 15 | 43 |
| 16 | 43 |
| 17 | 42 |
| 18 | 41 |
| 19 | 41 |
| 20 | 40 |
| 21 | 39 |
| 22 | 38 |
| 23 | 37 |
| 24 | 36 |
| 25 | 35 |
| 26 | 33 |
| 27 | 32 |
| 28 | 31 |
| 29 | 30 |
| 30 | 29 |
Humidity in September
Most of September feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, September lands in the dry band about 74% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 71 | 70 | 70 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 84 | 85 | 86 |
| Comfortable (%) | 29 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 71 | 29 |
| 2 | 70 | 30 |
| 3 | 70 | 30 |
| 4 | 69 | 31 |
| 5 | 69 | 31 |
| 6 | 69 | 31 |
| 7 | 69 | 31 |
| 8 | 69 | 31 |
| 9 | 69 | 31 |
| 10 | 70 | 30 |
| 11 | 70 | 30 |
| 12 | 70 | 30 |
| 13 | 70 | 30 |
| 14 | 71 | 29 |
| 15 | 71 | 29 |
| 16 | 72 | 28 |
| 17 | 72 | 28 |
| 18 | 73 | 27 |
| 19 | 74 | 26 |
| 20 | 75 | 25 |
| 21 | 76 | 24 |
| 22 | 77 | 23 |
| 23 | 78 | 22 |
| 24 | 79 | 21 |
| 25 | 80 | 20 |
| 26 | 81 | 19 |
| 27 | 83 | 17 |
| 28 | 84 | 16 |
| 29 | 85 | 15 |
| 30 | 86 | 14 |
Wind in September
Winds average 11 km/h in September.
Across September, daily wind ranges from about 11 km/h on the calmest days to 11 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 11 | calm |
| 2 | 11 | calm |
| 3 | 11 | calm |
| 4 | 11 | calm |
| 5 | 11 | calm |
| 6 | 11 | calm |
| 7 | 11 | calm |
| 8 | 11 | calm |
| 9 | 11 | calm |
| 10 | 11 | calm |
| 11 | 11 | calm |
| 12 | 11 | calm |
| 13 | 11 | calm |
| 14 | 11 | calm |
| 15 | 11 | calm |
| 16 | 11 | calm |
| 17 | 11 | calm |
| 18 | 11 | calm |
| 19 | 11 | calm |
| 20 | 11 | calm |
| 21 | 11 | calm |
| 22 | 11 | calm |
| 23 | 11 | calm |
| 24 | 11 | calm |
| 25 | 11 | calm |
| 26 | 11 | calm |
| 27 | 11 | calm |
| 28 | 11 | calm |
| 29 | 11 | calm |
| 30 | 11 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in September
Daylight runs from about 12 h 30 min at the start of September to 11 h 48 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days shrink by about 42 minutes over September. Sunrise moves from 6:36 AM to 6:45 AM, and sunset from 7:04 PM to 6:34 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 12.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.8 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 |
| Sunset (PM) | 7:04 | 7:03 | 7:02 | 7:01 | 7:00 | 6:59 | 6:58 | 6:57 | 6:56 | 6:55 | 6:54 | 6:53 | 6:52 | 6:51 | 6:50 | 6:49 | 6:47 | 6:46 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:34 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 12.5 | 6:36 | 7:04 |
| 2 | 12.4 | 6:36 | 7:03 |
| 3 | 12.4 | 6:37 | 7:02 |
| 4 | 12.4 | 6:37 | 7:01 |
| 5 | 12.4 | 6:37 | 7:00 |
| 6 | 12.4 | 6:38 | 6:59 |
| 7 | 12.3 | 6:38 | 6:58 |
| 8 | 12.3 | 6:38 | 6:57 |
| 9 | 12.3 | 6:39 | 6:56 |
| 10 | 12.3 | 6:39 | 6:55 |
| 11 | 12.2 | 6:39 | 6:54 |
| 12 | 12.2 | 6:40 | 6:53 |
| 13 | 12.2 | 6:40 | 6:52 |
| 14 | 12.2 | 6:40 | 6:51 |
| 15 | 12.2 | 6:40 | 6:50 |
| 16 | 12.1 | 6:41 | 6:49 |
| 17 | 12.1 | 6:41 | 6:47 |
| 18 | 12.1 | 6:41 | 6:46 |
| 19 | 12.1 | 6:42 | 6:45 |
| 20 | 12.0 | 6:42 | 6:44 |
| 21 | 12.0 | 6:42 | 6:43 |
| 22 | 12.0 | 6:43 | 6:42 |
| 23 | 12.0 | 6:43 | 6:41 |
| 24 | 11.9 | 6:43 | 6:40 |
| 25 | 11.9 | 6:44 | 6:39 |
| 26 | 11.9 | 6:44 | 6:38 |
| 27 | 11.9 | 6:44 | 6:37 |
| 28 | 11.9 | 6:45 | 6:36 |
| 29 | 11.8 | 6:45 | 6:35 |
| 30 | 11.8 | 6:45 | 6:34 |
Solar energy in September
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in September, about 5.65 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 4.63 kWh/m² to a high of 7.74 kWh/m² in May across the year — September's 5.65 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 6.0 | Bright |
| 2 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 3 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 4 | 5.9 | Bright |
| 5 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.8 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.7 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 29 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 30 | 5.6 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Zacatecas
In September, Zacatecas sits inside its rainy season season. The full year is below, with each hazard's peak months called out.
Zacatecas's rainy season runs June–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is September a good time to visit Zacatecas?
Our two travel scores rate September for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
September is a reasonable time to visit Zacatecas for sightseeing.
What to pack for Zacatecas in September
From September's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In September, Zacatecas sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 13°C. Worth packing: light clothes, rain gear and sun protection. About 13 days see rain.
UV index in Zacatecas in September
Clear-sky midday UV in September peaks around 13 (very high — sun protection essential). The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Zacatecas peaks around May 14 at about 14 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 19 at about 7 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 7 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 7 | 7 |
| Level | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 7 | Very high |
| Feb | 10 | Very high |
| Mar | 12 | Extreme |
| Apr | 14 | Extreme |
| May | 14 | Extreme |
| Jun | 14 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 14 | Extreme |
| Sep | 13 | Extreme |
| Oct | 10 | Extreme |
| Nov | 7 | Very high |
| Dec | 7 | High |
Where is Zacatecas?
Zacatecas sits at 22.8°N, 102.6°W, 2,480 m above sea level, in Mexico. The nearest listed city is Guadalupe, 7.0 km away.
Topography around Zacatecas
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Zacatecas.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Zacatecas has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 333 m around an average of 2,461 m above sea level; within 16 km, significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 578 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,339 m.
The land around Zacatecas is covered by artificial surfaces (49%) and shrubs (43%) within 3 km, shrubs (40%) and cropland (40%) within 16 km, and shrubs (51%) and cropland (33%) within 80 km.
Mexico travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 2
- Exercise Increased Caution
- Power plugs
- Type A / B
- 120 / 127 V · 60 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 54% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $13,889
- 2025
- Happiness
- 7.0 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 43%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 24.9
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 12.8
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Upper middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 440
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Zacatecas (22.7684°, -102.5814°, elevation 2,480 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).