Laukkai weather in February
In February, Laukkai sees average daytime highs of 24°C and overnight lows near 8°C, with 28 mm of rain across 3.7 wet days and about 11.2 hours of daylight. It is the 9th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 23°C in the first days to 25°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 70% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 54 min at the start of February to 11 h 30 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Laukkai's 2nd-clearest and 2nd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Laukkai's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 24°
- 9th warmest
- Overnight low
- 8°
- 2nd coldest
- Rainfall
- 28 mm
- 3.7 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 12 min
- 6:34 AM – 5:45 PM
- Cloud cover
- 29%
- 2nd clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 2nd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.11 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.5
- out of 10
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 23°C in the first days to 25°C by the end.
A typical February day in Laukkai reaches about 24°C in the afternoon and slips back to 8°C overnight — a 16°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 20°C and 27°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 3°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 22 | 7 |
| 2 | 22 | 7 |
| 3 | 23 | 7 |
| 4 | 23 | 7 |
| 5 | 23 | 7 |
| 6 | 23 | 7 |
| 7 | 23 | 7 |
| 8 | 23 | 7 |
| 9 | 23 | 8 |
| 10 | 23 | 8 |
| 11 | 23 | 8 |
| 12 | 24 | 8 |
| 13 | 24 | 8 |
| 14 | 24 | 8 |
| 15 | 24 | 8 |
| 16 | 24 | 8 |
| 17 | 24 | 8 |
| 18 | 24 | 9 |
| 19 | 24 | 9 |
| 20 | 24 | 9 |
| 21 | 24 | 9 |
| 22 | 25 | 9 |
| 23 | 25 | 9 |
| 24 | 25 | 9 |
| 25 | 25 | 9 |
| 26 | 25 | 9 |
| 27 | 25 | 9 |
| 28 | 25 | 10 |
Laukkai weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 9th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 21° / 7° | 33 | 3.8 | 10.7 | 8.1 |
| Feb | 24° / 8° | 28 | 3.7 | 11.2 | 8.5 |
| Mar | 27° / 11° | 37 | 5.8 | 11.8 | 7.6 |
| Apr | 28° / 15° | 80 | 12 | 12.5 | 6.1 |
| May | 27° / 18° | 202 | 19.7 | 13.1 | 5.0 |
| Jun | 27° / 20° | 349 | 27.7 | 13.4 | 3.6 |
| Jul | 26° / 20° | 436 | 30.1 | 13.3 | 3.4 |
| Aug | 27° / 20° | 342 | 29.2 | 12.8 | 3.5 |
| Sep | 27° / 19° | 206 | 23.8 | 12.1 | 4.2 |
| Oct | 25° / 17° | 156 | 18.3 | 11.4 | 5.5 |
| Nov | 23° / 12° | 67 | 8 | 10.9 | 7.4 |
| Dec | 21° / 8° | 21 | 3.9 | 10.6 | 7.8 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 70% of the time in February.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 18% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 12%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 89 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 87 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 89 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 |
| Cloudier (%) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 89 | 11 |
| 2 | 89 | 11 |
| 3 | 89 | 11 |
| 4 | 88 | 12 |
| 5 | 88 | 12 |
| 6 | 88 | 12 |
| 7 | 88 | 12 |
| 8 | 88 | 12 |
| 9 | 88 | 12 |
| 10 | 87 | 13 |
| 11 | 87 | 13 |
| 12 | 87 | 13 |
| 13 | 87 | 13 |
| 14 | 87 | 13 |
| 15 | 88 | 12 |
| 16 | 88 | 12 |
| 17 | 88 | 12 |
| 18 | 88 | 12 |
| 19 | 88 | 12 |
| 20 | 88 | 12 |
| 21 | 88 | 12 |
| 22 | 88 | 12 |
| 23 | 89 | 11 |
| 24 | 89 | 11 |
| 25 | 89 | 11 |
| 26 | 90 | 10 |
| 27 | 90 | 10 |
| 28 | 90 | 10 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Laukkai gets around 28 mm of rain over 3.7 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 13% and peaks near 16% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 11 |
| 2 | 11 |
| 3 | 11 |
| 4 | 11 |
| 5 | 11 |
| 6 | 10 |
| 7 | 10 |
| 8 | 10 |
| 9 | 11 |
| 10 | 11 |
| 11 | 11 |
| 12 | 11 |
| 13 | 11 |
| 14 | 12 |
| 15 | 12 |
| 16 | 13 |
| 17 | 13 |
| 18 | 14 |
| 19 | 14 |
| 20 | 15 |
| 21 | 15 |
| 22 | 16 |
| 23 | 16 |
| 24 | 16 |
| 25 | 16 |
| 26 | 16 |
| 27 | 16 |
| 28 | 15 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 100 | 0 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 100 | 0 |
| 11 | 100 | 0 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 99 | 1 |
| 22 | 98 | 2 |
| 23 | 98 | 2 |
| 24 | 98 | 2 |
| 25 | 98 | 2 |
| 26 | 98 | 2 |
| 27 | 98 | 2 |
| 28 | 98 | 2 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 5 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 5 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 54 min at the start of February to 11 h 30 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 36 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:41 AM to 6:25 AM, and sunset from 5:36 PM to 5:52 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:41 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:29 | 6:29 | 6:28 | 6:27 | 6:26 | 6:25 | 6:25 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:36 | 5:37 | 5:37 | 5:38 | 5:39 | 5:39 | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:52 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.9 | 6:41 | 5:36 |
| 2 | 10.9 | 6:41 | 5:37 |
| 3 | 11.0 | 6:40 | 5:37 |
| 4 | 11.0 | 6:40 | 5:38 |
| 5 | 11.0 | 6:39 | 5:39 |
| 6 | 11.0 | 6:39 | 5:39 |
| 7 | 11.0 | 6:38 | 5:40 |
| 8 | 11.0 | 6:38 | 5:41 |
| 9 | 11.1 | 6:38 | 5:41 |
| 10 | 11.1 | 6:37 | 5:42 |
| 11 | 11.1 | 6:36 | 5:43 |
| 12 | 11.1 | 6:36 | 5:43 |
| 13 | 11.1 | 6:35 | 5:44 |
| 14 | 11.2 | 6:35 | 5:44 |
| 15 | 11.2 | 6:34 | 5:45 |
| 16 | 11.2 | 6:33 | 5:46 |
| 17 | 11.2 | 6:33 | 5:46 |
| 18 | 11.2 | 6:32 | 5:47 |
| 19 | 11.3 | 6:31 | 5:47 |
| 20 | 11.3 | 6:31 | 5:48 |
| 21 | 11.3 | 6:30 | 5:48 |
| 22 | 11.3 | 6:29 | 5:49 |
| 23 | 11.4 | 6:29 | 5:50 |
| 24 | 11.4 | 6:28 | 5:50 |
| 25 | 11.4 | 6:27 | 5:51 |
| 26 | 11.4 | 6:26 | 5:51 |
| 27 | 11.4 | 6:25 | 5:52 |
| 28 | 11.5 | 6:25 | 5:52 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.11 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.51 kWh/m² to a high of 6 kWh/m² in April across the year — February's 5.11 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 6 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 7 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.5 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Laukkai
None of Laukkai's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Laukkai's monsoon runs May–September, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Laukkai?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Laukkai for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Laukkai in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Laukkai sees daytime highs around 24°C and nights near 8°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in Laukkai in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 8 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Laukkai peaks around July 11 at about 13 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 22 at about 6 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 6 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 6 |
| Level | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6 | High |
| Feb | 8 | Very high |
| Mar | 9 | Very high |
| Apr | 9 | Very high |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 13 | Extreme |
| Jul | 14 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 12 | Extreme |
| Oct | 9 | Very high |
| Nov | 8 | Very high |
| Dec | 6 | High |
Air quality in Laukkai in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Laukkai is worst in April — around 60 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 4.6× the cleanest month (July, 13 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 22 | 29 | 57 | 60 | 27 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 22 | Moderate |
| Feb | 29 | Moderate |
| Mar | 57 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 60 | Unhealthy |
| May | 27 | Moderate |
| Jun | 16 | Moderate |
| Jul | 13 | Moderate |
| Aug | 14 | Moderate |
| Sep | 16 | Moderate |
| Oct | 18 | Moderate |
| Nov | 20 | Moderate |
| Dec | 22 | Moderate |
Where is Laukkai?
Laukkai sits at 23.7°N, 98.8°E, 1,000 m above sea level, in Myanmar. The nearest listed city is Panglong, 64 km away.
Topography around Laukkai
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Laukkai.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Laukkai has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 574 m around an average of 1,017 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,703 m; within 80 km, extreme variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,558 m.
The land around Laukkai is covered by trees (27%) and cropland (26%) within 3 km, trees (67%) within 16 km, and trees (82%) within 80 km.
Myanmar travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type A / C / D / F / G / I
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,489
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 60%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.6
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 444
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Laukkai (23.6961°, 98.7621°, elevation 1,000 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).