Namhkam weather in February
In February, Namhkam sees average daytime highs of 23°C and overnight lows near 9°C, with 27 mm of rain across 4.3 wet days and about 11.2 hours of daylight. It is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month of the year here.
Highs climb over the month, from about 21°C in the first days to 24°C by the end. The sky is clear or mostly clear about 78% of the time in February, and the air most often feels dry.
Daylight stretches from about 10 h 54 min at the start of February to 11 h 30 min by month's end. Set against the rest of the year, February is Namhkam's 1st-clearest and 3rd-windiest month. For the whole year in context, see Namhkam's year-round climate.
- Daytime high
- 23°
- 10th warmest
- Overnight low
- 9°
- 3rd coldest
- Rainfall
- 27 mm
- 4.3 wet days
- Daylight
- 11 h 12 min
- 6:39 AM – 5:49 PM
- Cloud cover
- 25%
- 1st clearest
- Wind
- 5 km/h
- 3rd windiest
- Solar energy
- 5.17 kWh/m²
- Travel score
- 8.3
- out of 10
Namhkam is town in Shan State, Myanmar.
Air quality: WHO Ambient Air Quality Database. Density & description: Wikidata (CC0), GeoNames.
Temperature in February
Highs climb over the month, from about 21°C in the first days to 24°C by the end.
A typical February day in Namhkam reaches about 23°C in the afternoon and slips back to 9°C overnight — a 14°C spread between the day's warmth and the night's chill. On most days the high lands between 19°C and 25°C. Set against its neighbours, February runs about 2°C warmer than January and about 3°C cooler than March.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Avg high (°C) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Avg low (°C) | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Avg high (°C) | Avg low (°C) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 21 | 7 |
| 2 | 21 | 8 |
| 3 | 21 | 8 |
| 4 | 22 | 8 |
| 5 | 22 | 8 |
| 6 | 22 | 8 |
| 7 | 22 | 8 |
| 8 | 22 | 8 |
| 9 | 22 | 8 |
| 10 | 22 | 8 |
| 11 | 22 | 9 |
| 12 | 22 | 9 |
| 13 | 22 | 9 |
| 14 | 23 | 9 |
| 15 | 23 | 9 |
| 16 | 23 | 9 |
| 17 | 23 | 9 |
| 18 | 23 | 9 |
| 19 | 23 | 9 |
| 20 | 23 | 9 |
| 21 | 23 | 10 |
| 22 | 23 | 10 |
| 23 | 23 | 10 |
| 24 | 24 | 10 |
| 25 | 24 | 10 |
| 26 | 24 | 10 |
| 27 | 24 | 10 |
| 28 | 24 | 10 |
Namhkam weather by month
How February compares with the rest of the year at a glance. February is the 10th-warmest and 11th-wettest month here — the current month is highlighted below.
| Month | High / Low (°C) | Rainfall (mm) | Wet days | Daylight (hours) | Travel score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | 20° / 7° | 32 | 3.5 | 10.7 | 8.0 |
| Feb | 23° / 9° | 27 | 4.3 | 11.2 | 8.3 |
| Mar | 26° / 12° | 37 | 6 | 11.8 | 7.9 |
| Apr | 27° / 15° | 87 | 12.3 | 12.5 | 6.4 |
| May | 27° / 18° | 257 | 23 | 13.1 | 4.7 |
| Jun | 26° / 20° | 354 | 29.2 | 13.4 | 3.4 |
| Jul | 25° / 20° | 428 | 30.7 | 13.3 | 3.3 |
| Aug | 26° / 20° | 385 | 30.6 | 12.8 | 3.4 |
| Sep | 26° / 19° | 290 | 27.6 | 12.1 | 3.7 |
| Oct | 25° / 17° | 196 | 22.4 | 11.4 | 5.0 |
| Nov | 23° / 12° | 70 | 8.4 | 10.8 | 7.3 |
| Dec | 21° / 8° | 19 | 3.3 | 10.6 | 7.9 |
Cloud cover in February
The sky is clear or mostly clear about 78% of the time in February, the clearest month of the year.
Beyond those clear spells, partly cloudy skies cover about 11% of February, with mostly cloudy or overcast conditions the remaining 11%.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearer (%) | 89 | 89 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 91 | 91 | 92 | 93 |
| Cloudier (%) | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 |
| Clearer (%) | Cloudier (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 89 | 11 |
| 2 | 89 | 11 |
| 3 | 88 | 12 |
| 4 | 88 | 12 |
| 5 | 88 | 12 |
| 6 | 88 | 12 |
| 7 | 88 | 12 |
| 8 | 88 | 12 |
| 9 | 88 | 12 |
| 10 | 88 | 12 |
| 11 | 88 | 12 |
| 12 | 88 | 12 |
| 13 | 88 | 12 |
| 14 | 88 | 12 |
| 15 | 88 | 12 |
| 16 | 88 | 12 |
| 17 | 88 | 12 |
| 18 | 88 | 12 |
| 19 | 88 | 12 |
| 20 | 89 | 11 |
| 21 | 90 | 10 |
| 22 | 90 | 10 |
| 23 | 90 | 10 |
| 24 | 91 | 9 |
| 25 | 91 | 9 |
| 26 | 91 | 9 |
| 27 | 92 | 8 |
| 28 | 93 | 7 |
Chance of precipitation in February
Namhkam gets around 27 mm of rain over 4.3 wet days in February. The line is the day-by-day chance of measurable precipitation.
Day to day, the chance of measurable rain averages around 15% and peaks near 16% on the wettest days.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rain chance (%) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Rain chance (%) | |
|---|---|
| 1 | 13 |
| 2 | 13 |
| 3 | 13 |
| 4 | 13 |
| 5 | 13 |
| 6 | 13 |
| 7 | 13 |
| 8 | 13 |
| 9 | 13 |
| 10 | 14 |
| 11 | 14 |
| 12 | 14 |
| 13 | 14 |
| 14 | 14 |
| 15 | 14 |
| 16 | 15 |
| 17 | 15 |
| 18 | 15 |
| 19 | 16 |
| 20 | 16 |
| 21 | 16 |
| 22 | 16 |
| 23 | 16 |
| 24 | 16 |
| 25 | 16 |
| 26 | 16 |
| 27 | 16 |
| 28 | 16 |
Humidity in February
Most of February feels dry — the stacked bands show each day's mix of comfort levels, read off the dew point.
By dew point, February lands in the dry band about 99% of days. It rarely turns muggy — the humid and sticky bands barely register.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dry (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 98 |
| Comfortable (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Dry (%) | Comfortable (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 0 |
| 2 | 100 | 0 |
| 3 | 100 | 0 |
| 4 | 100 | 0 |
| 5 | 100 | 0 |
| 6 | 100 | 0 |
| 7 | 100 | 0 |
| 8 | 100 | 0 |
| 9 | 100 | 0 |
| 10 | 99 | 1 |
| 11 | 99 | 1 |
| 12 | 99 | 1 |
| 13 | 99 | 1 |
| 14 | 99 | 1 |
| 15 | 99 | 1 |
| 16 | 99 | 1 |
| 17 | 99 | 1 |
| 18 | 99 | 1 |
| 19 | 99 | 1 |
| 20 | 99 | 1 |
| 21 | 98 | 2 |
| 22 | 98 | 2 |
| 23 | 98 | 2 |
| 24 | 98 | 2 |
| 25 | 98 | 2 |
| 26 | 98 | 2 |
| 27 | 98 | 2 |
| 28 | 98 | 2 |
Wind in February
Winds average 5 km/h in February.
Across February, daily wind ranges from about 5 km/h on the calmest days to 6 km/h at its breeziest. It stays fairly steady from day to day.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wind speed (km/h) | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| Feels | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm | calm |
| Wind speed (km/h) | Feels | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | calm |
| 2 | 5 | calm |
| 3 | 5 | calm |
| 4 | 5 | calm |
| 5 | 5 | calm |
| 6 | 5 | calm |
| 7 | 5 | calm |
| 8 | 5 | calm |
| 9 | 5 | calm |
| 10 | 5 | calm |
| 11 | 5 | calm |
| 12 | 5 | calm |
| 13 | 5 | calm |
| 14 | 5 | calm |
| 15 | 5 | calm |
| 16 | 5 | calm |
| 17 | 5 | calm |
| 18 | 5 | calm |
| 19 | 5 | calm |
| 20 | 5 | calm |
| 21 | 5 | calm |
| 22 | 5 | calm |
| 23 | 5 | calm |
| 24 | 5 | calm |
| 25 | 5 | calm |
| 26 | 5 | calm |
| 27 | 5 | calm |
| 28 | 6 | calm |
Sunrise & sunset in February
Daylight runs from about 10 h 54 min at the start of February to 11 h 30 min by month's end. The lit band spans sunrise to sunset each day.
Days grow by about 36 minutes over February. Sunrise moves from 6:45 AM to 6:29 AM, and sunset from 5:40 PM to 5:56 PM.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daylight (h) | 10.9 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 |
| Sunrise (AM) | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:45 | 6:44 | 6:44 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:43 | 6:42 | 6:42 | 6:41 | 6:40 | 6:40 | 6:39 | 6:39 | 6:38 | 6:37 | 6:37 | 6:36 | 6:35 | 6:34 | 6:34 | 6:33 | 6:32 | 6:31 | 6:31 | 6:30 | 6:29 |
| Sunset (PM) | 5:40 | 5:41 | 5:41 | 5:42 | 5:43 | 5:43 | 5:44 | 5:45 | 5:45 | 5:46 | 5:47 | 5:47 | 5:48 | 5:49 | 5:49 | 5:50 | 5:50 | 5:51 | 5:52 | 5:52 | 5:53 | 5:53 | 5:54 | 5:54 | 5:55 | 5:55 | 5:56 | 5:56 |
| Daylight (h) | Sunrise (AM) | Sunset (PM) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 10.9 | 6:45 | 5:40 |
| 2 | 10.9 | 6:45 | 5:41 |
| 3 | 10.9 | 6:45 | 5:41 |
| 4 | 11.0 | 6:44 | 5:42 |
| 5 | 11.0 | 6:44 | 5:43 |
| 6 | 11.0 | 6:43 | 5:43 |
| 7 | 11.0 | 6:43 | 5:44 |
| 8 | 11.0 | 6:43 | 5:45 |
| 9 | 11.1 | 6:42 | 5:45 |
| 10 | 11.1 | 6:42 | 5:46 |
| 11 | 11.1 | 6:41 | 5:47 |
| 12 | 11.1 | 6:40 | 5:47 |
| 13 | 11.1 | 6:40 | 5:48 |
| 14 | 11.2 | 6:39 | 5:49 |
| 15 | 11.2 | 6:39 | 5:49 |
| 16 | 11.2 | 6:38 | 5:50 |
| 17 | 11.2 | 6:37 | 5:50 |
| 18 | 11.2 | 6:37 | 5:51 |
| 19 | 11.3 | 6:36 | 5:52 |
| 20 | 11.3 | 6:35 | 5:52 |
| 21 | 11.3 | 6:34 | 5:53 |
| 22 | 11.3 | 6:34 | 5:53 |
| 23 | 11.3 | 6:33 | 5:54 |
| 24 | 11.4 | 6:32 | 5:54 |
| 25 | 11.4 | 6:31 | 5:55 |
| 26 | 11.4 | 6:31 | 5:55 |
| 27 | 11.4 | 6:30 | 5:56 |
| 28 | 11.5 | 6:29 | 5:56 |
Solar energy in February
Average shortwave solar energy reaching the ground each day in February, about 5.17 kWh/m².
For context, solar energy here swings from a low near 3.4 kWh/m² to a high of 6.17 kWh/m² in April across the year — February's 5.17 kWh/m² falls in the middle.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 5.6 |
| Level | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright | Bright |
| Solar energy (kWh/m²) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 2 | 4.8 | Bright |
| 3 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 4 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 5 | 4.9 | Bright |
| 6 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 7 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 8 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 9 | 5.0 | Bright |
| 10 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 11 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 12 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 13 | 5.1 | Bright |
| 14 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 15 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 16 | 5.2 | Bright |
| 17 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 18 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 19 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 20 | 5.3 | Bright |
| 21 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 22 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 23 | 5.4 | Bright |
| 24 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 25 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 26 | 5.5 | Bright |
| 27 | 5.6 | Bright |
| 28 | 5.6 | Bright |
Hazard calendar for Namhkam
None of Namhkam's seasonal hazards are active in February. The full-year calendar below shows when the rainy season, cyclone risk and dust haze do peak.
Namhkam's monsoon runs May–October, when most of the year's rain falls.
Is February a good time to visit Namhkam?
Our two travel scores rate February for general sightseeing and for beach or pool weather — 0 (poor) to 10 (ideal).
February is one of the better times to visit Namhkam for general sightseeing. The water and warmth also suit a beach or pool day.
What to pack for Namhkam in February
From February's temperature range, rain chance, sun and wind — what's worth putting in the bag.
In February, Namhkam sees daytime highs around 23°C and nights near 9°C. Worth packing: light clothes and sun protection. About 4 days see rain.
UV index in Namhkam in February
Clear-sky midday UV in February peaks around 7 — enough to warrant sun protection. The full-year curve, shaded by WHO exposure level, is below.
Under clear skies, the midday UV index in Namhkam peaks around July 16 at about 13 (extreme) — sunscreen, a hat and midday shade are essential. It bottoms out near December 23 at about 6 (high).
The index reaches 3 or more — the level where the WHO recommends sun protection — every month of the year.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV index (midday) | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 6 |
| Level | High | Very high | Very high | Very high | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Extreme | Very high | Very high | High |
| UV index (midday) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 6 | High |
| Feb | 7 | Very high |
| Mar | 8 | Very high |
| Apr | 9 | Very high |
| May | 12 | Extreme |
| Jun | 12 | Extreme |
| Jul | 13 | Extreme |
| Aug | 11 | Extreme |
| Sep | 11 | Extreme |
| Oct | 9 | Very high |
| Nov | 7 | Very high |
| Dec | 6 | High |
Air quality in Namhkam in February
Average fine-particle pollution (PM2.5) through the year — so you can see where February falls, not just the annual average.
Air quality in Namhkam is worst in April — around 107 µg/m³ PM2.5 (unhealthy), about 9.6× the cleanest month (July, 11 µg/m³).
Modeled monthly averages (CAMS reanalysis, 2015–2024).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | 18 | 25 | 57 | 107 | 26 | 16 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 16 |
| Level | Moderate | Moderate | Unhealthy | Unhealthy | Moderate | Moderate | Good | Good | Good | Good | Moderate | Moderate |
| PM2.5 (µg/m³) | Level | |
|---|---|---|
| Jan | 18 | Moderate |
| Feb | 25 | Moderate |
| Mar | 57 | Unhealthy |
| Apr | 107 | Unhealthy |
| May | 26 | Moderate |
| Jun | 16 | Moderate |
| Jul | 11 | Good |
| Aug | 12 | Good |
| Sep | 12 | Good |
| Oct | 12 | Good |
| Nov | 13 | Moderate |
| Dec | 16 | Moderate |
Where is Namhkam?
Namhkam sits at 23.8°N, 97.7°E, 762 m above sea level, in Myanmar. The nearest listed city is Mu-se, 29 km away.
Topography around Namhkam
How much the land rises and falls, and what covers it, within 3, 16 and 80 km of Namhkam.
Within 3 km, the terrain around Namhkam has significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 266 m around an average of 783 m above sea level; within 16 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 1,623 m; within 80 km, very significant variations in elevation — a maximum elevation change of 2,242 m.
The land around Namhkam is covered by cropland (47%) and trees (23%) within 3 km, trees (63%) within 16 km, and trees (81%) within 80 km.
Myanmar travel facts
- Travel advisory
- Level 4
- Do Not Travel
- Power plugs
- Type A / C / D / F / G / I
- 230 V · 50 Hz
- Prices
- ≈ 38% of US
- price level, 2025
- GDP per capita
- $1,489
- 2025
- Happiness
- 4.3 / 10
- World Happiness, 2025
- Safe drinking water
- 60%
- of population, 2024
- Homicide rate
- 2.6
- per 100k, 2023
- Road deaths
- 20.4
- per 100k/yr, 2019
- Income group
- Lower middle
- World Bank
- English
- Very low
- EF EPI 444
- Religion
Sources: World Bank, US State Department, World Happiness Report, WHO/UNICEF, EF EPI, CIA World Factbook.
Data sources
Temperature, precipitation, cloud, humidity, wind and solar figures are a 1991–2020 climatology for Namhkam (23.8334°, 97.6798°, elevation 762 m), computed from hourly ERA5 reanalysis — contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information. Sun figures are astronomical calculations, not observations. City data © GeoNames, CC BY 4.0. Map outlines from Natural Earth (public domain); interactive map © Google. UV index is derived from CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) clear-sky UV data — contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information. Monthly air-quality (PM2.5) seasonality is from the CAMS EAC4 reanalysis (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service), scaled to the WHO annual mean where available. Topography is sampled from the Copernicus DEM GLO-90 elevation model (© ESA/Airbus) and ESA WorldCover 2021 land cover (CC BY 4.0).